The Lovely Iguanas Falling from the Trees By Christine Arenella
(Copyright 2022, Christine Arenella – All rights Reserved)
<Edited by Robert D. Morningstar>
Iguana Painting by Christine Arenella
Florida, because of it’s sub-tropical climate, is a paradise for wildlife watching. It’s home to a myriad of native and non-native species of mammals, reptiles and birds.
Many of the non-native, or so called “invasive” species were brought in by the exotic pet trade. These include the Green Iguana and the Burmese Python. Iguanas are native to Central and South America, while Burmese Pythons originate from Southeast Asia.
Iguanas and Pythons were bought as pets, and what happens in most cases is that they grow larger than people expected and the owners cannot or will not care for them. At this point Iguanas are discarded to fend for themselves, or in the case of the Pythons dumped in places like the Florida Everglades where they have proliferated.
Another reason for the population growth was that during Hurricane Andrew in 1992, a breeding facility was destroyed releasing countless pythons into swamps. A female Burmese Python can lay as many as 100 eggs. They can also grow to be as long as 20 feet and weigh up to 200 pounds. There are an estimated tens to hundreds of thousands of Pythons in Florida. However, they are also extremely difficult to find.
There is a bounty on Pythons, with prizes, to reduce their numbers. They are allowed to be killed “humanely.”
Iguanas have also flourished, wherever they can. They can be seen in many settings all over Florida; i.e. in trees, open fields and forests, as well as along the shore line near lakes and oceans. They are able to swim , and also to burrow deeply into the soil.
The first Iguana I ever saw was in St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. I was struck by this creature, who looked like a dinosaur, but who was a pacifist dining on flowers. I have been enchanted with Iguanas since that day.
As a resident of Florida I am always on the lookout for Iguanas wherever I go.
Photo Credit: Christine Arenella
Iguanas have long claws, which enable them to climb trees, where they are most safe. They drape themselves over branches and move occasionally and slowly to eat nearby vegetation, namely, leaves and fruit.
Iguanas are cold blooded animals, or ectotherms, which means they get their heat from the outside. They need the sun to sustain their body temperature. When temperatures reach into the 30’s, 40’s or even 50’s Iguanas become immobile and can lose their grip and fall to the ground. They remain there in a state of suspended animation, unable to move, yet retaining all their bodily functions. Some will die from the trauma. Others are able to recover if they are lucky enough to fall in an area which has sunshine.
Some such phenomenon occurred during a recent cold snap in Florida, when Iguanas fell from the trees all over South Florida. If you can warm a towel in the dryer and cover the Iguana, sometimes he is able to revive. It is a pitiful sight to see a helpless Iguana on his back unable to move. During an extreme weather episode in Florida in 2010, the Iguana population was decimated. They rebounded, but many were lost recently.
One of my favorite Iguanas was at Morikami Gardens. I’ve taken many photos and videos of him. He had a lot of orange in his skin, which can happen during mating season. I’ve been back twice hoping to see him to no avail. I hope he survived.
Morikami’sGardens, named Roji-en: Garden of the Drops of Dew, were designed to be a living exhibit as an extension of the museum. Its six distinct gardens are inspired by, but are not replicas of, significant gardens of Japan. Designer Hoichi Kurisu has created a unique garden conceived and constructed in the spirit of the masters.
Iguanas are also vilified, because they burrow in gardens and eat ornamental flowers. I say, plant milkweed, which they don’t like. Homeowners are allowed to kill Iguanas on their property.
The exotic pet trade and foolish pet owners are responsible for the Iguanas behavior. Iguanas didn’t ask to be brought here. They are doing what Iguanas do in nature. The answer should not be to kill them.
Animals are not our toys or trinkets. Nor should they be mounted on our walls or worn as handbags.
It’s not just UFOs, Watergate, and newspapers that the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) has gotten their fingers into, Richard Shultz has shown their unending proclivity to stick their fingers into every fabric of our and other societies.
THE SECRET WAR AGAINST HANOI, Richard H. Shultz, Jr., Copyright 1999. Harper Collings Publishers, Inc., 101 East 53rd Street, New York, N.Y. 10022, 390 pages.
The truth of the matter is that it is not just the Kennedy and Johnson’s use of the “agency” but as a matter of fact the agency has directed Americans into endless successions of premeditated and wanton connections that are continual and unrelenting.
Of course, the CIA has had a long-recorded history going back many years to September 1947 and the Counterintelligence Corps (CIC) of the U.S. Army. Since then, “intelligence’’ has become metastasized into the very cellular structure of its operation and become a lecherous brain function.
SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY: THE SECRET WARS OF THE CIA, John Prado, Copyright 2006, Ivan R. Doe Publisher, 1332 North Halsted Street, Chicago, Ill., 60622
“The story of the secret wars is an important component of the American experience,’’ says Prados, ‘’in the years since World War II. It is also a feature of the histories of those many lands where secret warrior applied their trade…the time has come for taking stock, and that evaluation may begin here.’’ (p. xvi)
Unfortunately, neither book have included all the facts, especially since they have excluded or not recognized major Unidentified Flying Object cases (UFOs) which includes famous and sensational UFO case histories, UFO landings and crashes.
Perhaps, from the beginning (and President Harry Truman), the government recognized the ultra-seriousness of the UFO question and its many crashed crafts.
TRUMAN WAS NO STRANGER
During Truman’s first year in office, 1953, a least ten alien disks crashed with along 20 dead and four live aliens. Out of this, four were found in Arizona, two in Texas, one in New Mexico, one ins Louisiana, one in Montana, and one in South Africa. (Case: McGill. ca).
Secret Executive Memorandum NSCS410 Majestic Twelve were partially composed of 35 members of the Council of Foreign Relations, six persons as executive members on the Council of Foreign Relations and the Trilateral Commission, called the Senior Interagency Group (SIG).
The sightings of July 26–27 also made front-page headlines, and even led President Harry Truman to personally call Capt. Ruppelt and ask for an explanation of the sightings. Ruppelt, remembering the conversation he had with Capt. James, told the President that the sightings might have been caused by temperature inversion, in which a layer of warm, moist air covers a layer of cool, dry air closer to the ground. This condition can cause radar signals to bend and give false returns. However, Ruppelt had not yet interviewed any of the witnesses or conducted a formal investigation.[19]
CIA historian Gerald Haines, in his 1997 history of the CIA’s involvement with UFOs, also mentions Truman’s concern. “A massive buildup of sightings over the United States in 1952, especially in July, alarmed the Truman administration. On 19 and 20 July, radar scopes at Washington National Airport and Andrews Air Force Base tracked mysterious blips. On 27 July, the blips reappeared.”[20]
Shortly before midnight on Saturday, July 19, 1952, air-traffic controller Edward Nugent at Washington National Airport spotted seven slow-moving objects on his radar screen far from any known civilian or military flight paths. He called over his supervisor and joked about a “fleet of flying saucers.” At the same time, two more air-traffic controllers at National spotted a strange bright light hovering in the distance that suddenly zipped away at incredible speed.
At nearby Andrews Air Force Base, radar operators were getting the same unidentified blips—slow and clustered at first, then racing away at speeds exceeding 7,000 mph. Looking out his tower window, one Andrews controller saw what he described as an “orange ball of fire trailing a tail.” A commercial pilot, cruising over the Virginia and Washington, D.C. area, reported six streaking bright lights, “like falling stars without tails.”
The sightings and radar tracking’s continued until 3 A.M. By then witnesses on the ground and in the air had observed the UFOs, and at times all three radar sets had tracked them simultaneously.
Exciting and scary as all this had been, it was just the beginning of an incredible episode. The next evening radar tracked UFOs as they performed extraordinary “gyrations and reversals,” in the words of one Air Force weather observer. Moving at more than 900 miles per hour, the objects gave off radar echoes exactly like those of aircraft or other solid targets. Sightings and tracking’s occurred intermittently during the week and then erupted into a frenzy over the following weekend. At one point, as an F-94 moved on targets ten miles away, the UFOs turned the tables and darted en masse toward the interceptor, surrounding it in seconds. The badly shaken pilot, Lt. William Patterson, radioed Andrews AFB to ask if he should open fire. The answer, according to Albert M. Chop, a civilian working as a press spokesperson for the Air Force who was present, was “stunned silence. . . . After a tense moment, the UFOs pulled away and left the scene.”
As papers, politicians, and public clamored for answers, the Air Force hosted the biggest press conference in history. A transcript shows that the spokesperson engaged in what amounted to double-talk, but the reporters, desperate for something to show their editors, picked up on Capt. Roy James’ off-the-cuff suggestion that temperature inversions had caused the radar blips. James, a UFO skeptic, had arrived in Washington only that morning and had not participated in the ongoing investigation.
The David Icke Guide to the Global Conspiracy—and how to end it. David Icke Books LTD, 185a High Street, Hyde-Isle of Wright, PO 33 2PN, UK, Isle of Wright, PO 33 2PN, UK, IFO @ David Icke Books and Company, UK. 2007. 629 pages.
David Icke is a very prolific writer and has written many books on the topic of reality, its many mystical and undiscovered elements and how they control reality and force us to blindly bow to evil acts. Comparing our DNA (and how little science knows about it) to a computer, in which ‘chakra’ vortices connect the human body showing that the body is a computer system. The brain, in effect, is a biological computer, highly sophisticated, contending with a vast web of interconnecting frequencies or ‘dimensions’ of life.
Part I: The Groundwork
Humans are a ‘computer construct’ — and not who we really are. Mankind appears to be a struggle between pure awareness and being a computer program-personality awaiting to be triggered. The body is a biological computer that is constantly storing and processing information. Reactions are stored in cells that act like computer chips which we must transcend to become Masters. We can also have ‘interference’ or ‘frequencies’ and dimensions in ‘residual self-images’ as ‘ghost phenomenon.’ Our awareness then continues its eternal existence in ‘loops’ as ghostly projections At death, says Icke, ‘consciousness is more expansive than ever. The body/brain is a receiver/transmitter of information DNA is a receiver/transmitter of information; we are consciousness-awareness; we are conscious-awareness. Infinite love as infinite awareness: everything else is an illusion. Death, says ICKE, does not exist There is only life, only awareness. All else is only an illusion.
Death, says Icke, does not exist. There is only life, only awareness. Scientists, says Icke, are nothing but ‘programmed minds.’ The energy fields in which we’re aligned brings manipulation. Telepathy is a language of awareness. It is the same for physical ‘mountains.’ Hills can be sacred places. It is the energy/truths amid the symbols and the metaphysical, spiritual transformation: interdimensional doorways through which entities —the ‘gods’—can move in and about this reality: quantum physics, ‘ley line’ networks which crisscross the planet in ”power centers” of vortex points. Even a mountain can be an energy of consciousness. ‘Humanity,’ ‘wood,’ ‘trees,’ or a ‘mountain,’ are all ONE.
” One consciousness, one cosmos, one infinity through an intuitive and distinctive resonance.” We are All-Knowing, but certain programs block us from seeing that Infinite Awareness. Computed ‘thinks;’ only in division and only as One.
Decoding RealityAccording to David Icke
Atoms are not solid but filled with empty space. An illusion held together by our minds, says Icke. The illusion of solidity. Television consists only of the TV screen; otherwise, images exist only as mathematical ‘codes.’ Like the TV and computer screen, our world exists in the form we invent. Electronic signals in which the brain decodes. It is constructed in our brains — our energy matrix. Frequency matrices. Solidity is a hologram and an illusion. It is a decoded wave to patterns into a holographic reality.
Every point of the hologram is a smaller version of the whole. A body can be grown from a single cell. Cells are said to have their own verson of the brain—it is a hologram. ‘Shadow People’ have advanced knowledge and can deceive us by manufacturing holograms. Our body-computers are tuned to a more complicated ‘cosmos wide ban.’ The Matrix. Anything that is computerized or uses radio waves depends on semiconductors—a semiconductor liquid-crystal encasing every living cell. Computer chips, a crystal with gates and channels. Crystalline DNA holding the generic memory. When they open and close at the wrong time—the cells can be pulled by persons and substances that lead to disease. The brain edits reality according to beliefs: A reality-experience to fit believers. We are imprisoned by belief. By Reality Filters. What is thought and what is actually said. There is no limit to how we can be manipulated; our access to the ‘matrix’ is being manipulated in the same way. The hidden hands. We are allowed a limited range because of closed-down chakra channels. Energetic “Auric” eggshells of fer-encrust and rigid belief, only challenged by life-changing events. Fear causes our energy fields to fall into ‘slow-vibration’ density, dense people.
The body hologram is seventy percent water which affects us energetically. Infinite awareness as All possibility in what we choose to ‘decode’ into our holographic experience. We are not human —only Infinite Awareness and all Possibilities of the Matrix, the Supper Hologram which is information coded into the illusory sequence.
Live ‘ants,’ we pickup frequencies of an unknown blueprint. A specific vibratory wavelength, we can ‘see’ the digital and mathematical construct. The ancients knew of the ‘Farinacci’ proportion in nature. All number in the digital annex. All life is biology, and all biology is physiological and chemistry that is moving and consensus.
False Theories
Manipulation of numbers, language and symbols but encoded with fake, dark Matrix reality. Stephen Marquardt, an American who studied Fibonacci and PHI sequences, said ”all life is biology,” and biology is also physiology. All physiology is chemistry—all chemistry is physics— and all physics is math. Icke also adds: ”All math’s are energy and all energy is consciousness.”
The Time Illusion
New Scientist. Quantum Gravity computers: an “I”…all is One. Karma is a construct not natural. The Matrix is like a DVD movie on the observer’s perspective. Time is a perception and not real. All is relative to the observer: There is no time. All, a special perception, like The international Date Line. Sense is in the mind of the Knowers. There, subatomic particles can combine. All particles are the same One. No more absolutes. All is NOW. Panoramic view of life. No more ‘I cant’s”.
The Matrix is a trap. A fly paper. Same old stuff but different densities; also, on a ‘subconscious level.’ The Matrix of illusory reality. Matrix Internets. Oneness. Infinite Love. Left and right polarity. Every reality a dream. Perception of history should be beyond regular history. It has become a Tower of Babel. Global society is caught in a time loop. All of global society had come from a single mother about 200,000 B.C. when extraterrestrials interbed; the Nephilim as shown in the Book of Enoch. Besides characters such as Azakel, human embryo had gills, tails. The Jewish text told of Haggadah— the Garden of Eden where the Serpent walked upright and was the Mother of the Nephilim. Elite families existed.
We have a difficult time explaining ‘junk’ DNA because it has an origin in the extraterrestrials—off-world. It was Professor Sam Chang who said that DNA was programmed as if in a Petry dishes. Here it existed as Big and Basic Code. Evolution is not what we hold it to be.
The Golden Age of the Great flood also entails Cata chasmic. events. Interdimensional fodder. There were Wars of the Gods. Upheavals about 13,000B.C, says Icke, such as the destruction of Atlantis and MU. Nordic types, but also Reptilian creatures in the continents of Lemuria. And the Anunnaki. There, Enki warned Ziusudra of the flood and that of a ‘great ship’ would be needed to carry the beasts and birds. In the Scriptures, it is told as Noah, but almost identical tales are found in Iraq and Egypt and other countries. Eleven or more. The Azores.
Atlantis sank and Plato told of the end, says Icke, at about 11, 000 B.C. The islands of the Pacific show the remnants. Earth’s past colossal geological upheavals demonstrate the Fall of Mankind. Survivors went to other lands between two rivers (Iraq).
Anunnaki
Reptilian gods return and this can be seen in the Sumerian tales. The Old Testament speaks of the ‘gods” (plural). EDIN – the abode of “the righteous ones” that had great knowledge. The Anunnaki were a reptilian race, says Icke, and Enki was the lord of the Earth. Much of the true history was hidden. Mammi (as in Mama-Ma) lay the foundation for the Biblical Mary. Also, there was Lulu (one who has been mixed). Adair was seen at the base of the spine, the bottom chakra. The dust of the ground. (Sumerian), Anunnaki, slave race. Bapedi people as Shuma (slaves). This came about in Atlantis and Lemuria. There were abductions leading into control of minds. The brain was R-Complex of the Ruling Families; seeded royal bloodlines. Carl Sagan speaks of this in his book The Dragons of Eden. Who descended? AWWIM. Giant people like Goliath. Twelve feet tall – or more. Sons of Anak. In the Septuagint: Angeles. In Egypt, they were called Watchers in the Book of Enoch. They were the seventh generation from Adam, says Icke. Giants mentioned in the Book in Enoch. Son of Lamech who had eyes that shone like the Sun. Part of the Sun-God worship. They were Reptilian hybrids and eventually led to the Freemasons and their Enochian founder Dr. Ruthrey Nay.
Kingdom of Serpents
Texts speak about Astra Ships that flew in the solar system. Spoken about in Yeoman Thomas Colemen Sheppard photos in a vault in the White Beach Nawi Facility in Okinawa, Japan. The Children of the Serpent. The Brotherhood of the Snakes that led to the Mystery Schools. And the Fish gods. Black Magic. All this contained in the royal bloodlines. They were ‘shape shifters.’ The Nephilim people of MU- Motherland. Serpent Kings. Shapeshifting Negas and Alpha Dragons. The Great Flood ended a Golden Age.
King Aurthur talks about Uther Pendragon. and Merlin the magician. The word Messeh (fat of the crocodile) foretold of the origin of the word Messiah. These were descendants of the dragons. Crereps mentioned in Athens as humans with serpent tails and were kings of Sumer. They were changelings that ruled to 240,000 BC.
Origin of the Draco star system origin. The Pleiades star system. Fetuses’ manifestations of Reptilian type development. Part of the term Blue Bloods as evident when copper-based blood turned turns green when oxidizing. Reptilian underground bases are part and parcel of the Nordics. Tales of Agartha and Shamballa. The term Ki-Gal: Great below being with the gods.
The 2021 movie The Snakes.
Little People
The Little People of Ireland, sometimes resembled in the Grey UFO accounts. and found in Norse Germanic legends. Also told in Big Foot stories and legends of the Yeti which shunned sunlight, similar to the Dracula story. Again, crossbreeding. These people were banished from the surface of the planet. Also seen in tales of the Frog Prince and the Snake Queen. All part of the Masonic hybrid elite.
Part II:Crime Syndicates
The crime syndicates are a form of ‘slavery.’ Multilayered taxation is also part and parcel. The debit/credit scam: All part of the Debt-Credit scam. Much like a Wall Street pyramid computer program, there is a global dramatization. Our human bodies are not physical but ‘in’ our heads, vibration codes in a holographic veil of bloodlines. in a genetic ‘space suit.’
Reptilians are outside these dimensions and beyond normal ‘light.’ They possess hybrid ”body computers.” In a ‘hub scape,’ there exists a Serpent Son; what are called ‘hybrid body computers.” It is a global dramatization in which Dionysus operates at certain frequency levels under the cover of human form and in societies much like ours. And they have longer lives programmed to survive an agenda. These are illustrated in projects Mkultra and Monarch.
Well known reptilian forms are seen in Mayan forms of “the people of the Serpent.” The story of Itzamar.
Kathy O’brien talks about the Neocons and “mind-altering drugs.” Mass media is highly affected by this. Reptilian lower-class of the Hive Mind. There are a number of movies that highlight the Reptilians and the existence of ‘black-eyed’ people. It involves Black Magic. can this reality be seen in kings and queens, and leading politicians.
Book of Revelations
In the Biblical Book of Revelations there is talk of more material, such as the Book of Enoch. Nephilim such as the Semjaza, a part of the Nephilim. There you can read about ”blood-drinking.” Satanism. Massive blood-sacrifice as vibrational sustenance. Part of the mammalian codes, terror with a lot of Rena line in blonde and blue-eyed ‘cattle.’ One can read about this in Stanley Kubrick’s Eyes Wide Shut.
In the Bohemian Grove, there exists ‘rooms’ dedicated to the Owl Mother-goddess Ninti. This goes back to Enki and Molech and Baal rituals. One can find ‘links’ with most of our major political names. Many became Presidents of the United States.
Through ‘Occult Incest,’ persons are hidden beneath other names and parents, such as Dracula and Draco, and such as Vlad — Wallachia in Romania and the Order of the Dragon used in the Holy Roman Empire in 1431. “The son of him who had the Order of the Dragon.” There, existed much fear and power. It is all part of a global system, as also seen in the Matrix movie, the 9/11 fear and also paedophage.
This all feed off of emotions located at the bottom of the spine. Kundalini. No empathy. These are not rue Americans but all part of a global conquest and the Mystery Schools
Another Jesus
The Illuminati was opened by the Jesuits and Opus Dei. In the history of Tony Blair is a trail of DNA samples. The Serpent and the Sun.
A. Waddel spoke of Mu/Lemuria and King Sargon and Manis Myja. It involved ‘the ends of the earth.’ In Denmark it was called Gothland. It involved the Christian cathedens of the Mystery Schools. This dated to the Mystery Schools of the Babylon empire — 2000 BC to 1600 BC in a France gateway. All part of Opus Dei, the Knights Templar and the Moevingian kings. A Priest King, as mentioned in the work TheHoly Blood and The Holy Grail.
There, Jesus married Mary Magdalene and had a child and started the bloodline of the Moevingian kings and the Sicambian Franks in France. A chosen people symbolized by the fleu-de-Lis called the Serpent’s Son; a Babylonian trinity later turned into the Christian Trinity.
Charlemagne was to rule. It was called by Alexander ‘The Serpent’s Son,’ and the father was Ammon. Philip Eugene de Rothschild. A royal family through endogamy. Nimrod of Babylon whose wife was Queen Semiramis. In the Boof of Enoch, the baby is called Crush and the virgin mother was Queen Ishtar, Virgin Mother Marduk and the son was Naki, a son also called Brutus.
In Babylon, it was Enki, and also Britain’s reptilian Rom. It was a trinity of Nimrod, Romulus, Remus and Marduk. The Romans created Christianity through King Saigon and the Akkadian kings. It was a retelling of Moses and rewritten Judaism. The Sun worship of the Mystery Religions: Son of the Sun, and Babylonian Mystery religion. A Babylonian ‘trinity.’ Semiramis’s Mother Mary of Ubaid culture. Gods and goddesses, the world around. Half human and half reptile. Babylonian Mystery religion. A form of Jesus but taken from Nimrod and Saturn worship as mentioned in Babylonian Mystery religion.
A New Trinity
In the front of the Roman church is an obelisk which symbolizes the phallus of Baal and Nimrod. The obelisk is Baal’s ‘shaft.’ In the Egyptian stories, it was Osiris—a virgin Isis: Jesus, a Sun symbol as an Attis of Phrygia, Dionysus, Bacchus, Baccus, Mithra and Horus. These stood for the twelve disciples and were tempted by Set.
Easter Ceremonies
Easter ceremonies were a part of Sun worship; it was also represented by the ‘Christmas tree.’ Pinecones were part of Janus in the Janus Cybele, a Dagon ‘Easter Egg.’
In the Nicene Creed there was the Halo-Sun wheel. In the legend of Quetzalcoatl, born of a virgin, Shanivar, an Indian deity. Christos, which was Krisna’s father, a carpenter. He died on a tree, hanging between two thieves. This was long before stories about Jesus.
Old Testament
There are tales in the Old Testament told around Samson in Islam where Jesus was ISA in the House of Virgo (virgin) and the Moon Goddess, Nanna.
In the Babylonian priesthood, there was use of Rosary beads.
All this demonstrates ‘under-cover bloodlines,’ where covert control is mixed with Secret Society and the Plumed Serpent.
Christopher Columbus
Columbus belonged to secret societies. Queen Isabele of Castile and the Inquisition of 1478 were based on the credo of Mutawa and the Mother Lodge of 1719 in London and the Great Queen Street. Another of the secret societies was the Hell Fire Club and the St. Andrew’s Free Mason Lodge (Edward Proctor). and John Hancock. There was John Hancock’s Sun Symbol at 10 Downing Street. Under George Washington statue was the Greek god, Zeus. Wahington, D.C was dedicated to the New Troy. The new Rome. The capital lines were made according to the Human Skull Hill. Also called the Golgotha City of London. Venus, Columbia was fashioned as – Colombe. District of Semiramis or the Dove of Babylon Columbine. High School. One can also see this manifesting in the Statue of Liberty and the River Seine and its massive flood at Point d’ alma.
More on hybrid blood lines: Royal ancients in Somer in Mesopotamia, a network carrying Egypt, Greece, Rome and others. They led the esoteric and wanted a One World Government, microchipped, with bloodlines coming out of Sumer, but with no sides and controlling all sides.
This was part of the Rothschilds’ dynasty and was Sumerian until Raymond Baur in 1760 and Rockefeller and the hexagram-six-point—Ra —Sun god.
Enki
Goes as far back as Enki in the book of Enoch and the many EL endings; Asael, Kabbalah. This involved German royalty and Prince William of “Hesse -Hanau.” Hessian troops and the Rosicrucian Order. A succession of married bankers — Worms, Sichel and Bey Fus. This was all front management for the Federal Reserve and Tresurary Reserve and the Treasury Secretary. Alexander Hamilton.
In 1913 the appearance of Schiff and the Rothschilds appeared. John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil and Averill Harriman.
Part III: The Conspiracy deepens
Standard Oiland the Rothschilds
The Rothschilds appeared in 30 countries. Rosslyn Chapel in Scotland. This all goes back to the Sumerian and the Khazars, which also includes the Chinese and the Sumerians and their camels. They are found in Eastern Europe. These are ancestors of the Jews; not connected with Israel.
Khazar Sea/Caucasian
Leo the Khazar leads to the Biblical Cain (Kain). Sumerian Jews. Magyars. Hungarian, and not Semitic, rather Caspian and the Black Sea.
Nimrod’s sons — Magor and Hunor; the Scythians; the Huns; Magog; Subban Turi.
Noah’s Ark
The Ark actually started in Poland with a European origin of the ‘Skull Cap.’ Khasars and the Franks. It was of Polish origin and the Frans—Ashkenazi Jews that came into power. It was the creation of Israel. A Rothschild fiefdom through Evelyn Rothschild. Seven families were funded gofers. The Opium Wars. Louis Walter Rothschild. There was Weizmann. in Britain, it was the Round Table. There was Cecil Rhodes. Alfred Milner and the Belfour Declaration and the Versailles Peace Conference in Paris in 1919. The Weimar Republic and the Round Table. The Treaty of Versailles. The new Is-ra-el. The Arab revolt. The Thule/ Vril societies. The House of Windsor.
Hitler Speaks
Demonic possession. The spirit of Charlemagne was in the homeland in Palestine. We see it in Prescott Bush and the Harriman Empire of the Union Banking Corporation (UBC) and Fritz Thyssen. The Rockefeller family and the Nazi Josepf Mengele and the Wilhelm Institute which were full of Khazr-Sumerian Nazis working together in ancestry. There was the Rosenbergs and the Jewish World Congress 1897.
Rudolf Kommer was Aaryan (Sun Aryan), controlled by Mago Warburg and I G. Farden and Paul Warburg and the Union Pacific Railroad, which tried to stop anti-Nazi propaganda. The Rothschild bank was connected to the Kuhn, Loeb and Company. This was also connected to Jacob Schiff and his transferring 600 Zionists to Palestine. Israel was a party to this through Minister Yitzhak Rabin who wanted to drive them out. The Stern Gang and the Moledet Party saw to it that men were treated as cattle. There was Prime Minister Sharon where men were treated like animals’ by Prime Minister Sharon in apartheid Israel with Castle Coste. A garrison state by a sycophant and a hierarchical Menachem Begin.
Palestinians were treated like Beasts
Yitzhak Shamir began the practice of ‘head smashing.’ Treated people like vermin. Israel became a ‘Law Unto Itself;’ a chosen race and a law unto themselves. A chosen race of genetic origin. Replaced by Jewish names and favored by Hitler style: fascism. Nazi-style fascism to mule Israel. Mordechi Vanunu was once again arrested. Being a Nazi-style Israel is real. Mordechai Vanunen no longer a fascist mule but is real. No Jewish ‘grace’—just fascism.
Range of Variation
Biologically, there is no ‘Jewish race,’ just a ‘faith.’ Israelites are thoroughly hybridized. They ‘need’ the myth. Arthur Koestler said that the Israelites are thoroughly hybridized and they ‘need’ the myth to hide their true agenda.
Global War
Albert Pike said a world war was the quintessential goal. It would come about through Arab countries. Billions of dollars will be spent. This was wished by Giuseppe Mazzini and a World War III. There will be many voluntaries. There will be an arduous attempt to exterminate all Christians and Atheists. Such a movement will be seen in Canadian front man Jacob Schiff and Kuhn Loeb and company. They helped fund the Russian revolution, connected with Schiff Loeb and company,
Part IV: Globally Bankrupt
The cost of water and food will become globally bankrupt. Bennito Mussolini hijacked the food once before. Thee needs to be a CAP on the rich-poor divide. This was highlighted by Boe Goldof in 1985 who told of ‘The Sting’ on the European community using Federal Reserve buy-outs.
Icke warned of such things as Montauk, One World Religion, Project Blue Beam, and the serge of Monastic Holographic projection, Christian-Zionist movement, the coming battle of Har Megiddo, the Mayan-Calendar, The Project Blue Beam Project, the serge of Monastic -Holographic Projection, Cellular, Mammalian, Familian Cycles in Time Loops, coming into sync, cracking the concrete, so to speak, in Magnus-Channeling. Brian Clough talks about The Body Computer, along with Dr. Laurie Nadel, Ernest Rossi.
Infinite awareness occurs in the NOW illusion of it, and we are only aware of it in matrix movements and the different forms of the ALL through eggshell cracking. This can be seen in unique DNA codes of the Magnon in higher frequencies away from FEAR. Your ‘freedom’ is not ‘my freedom.’ Energy is now in a slow vibration. The topic should be the spending on and the education of children.
Barack Obama (when he was President) had become our Naked Emperor. Now we have no hope at all; we are riding a carousel horse at a circus. It is a diversion technique of Mass Mind-control. They are all blank pages. Same stable promising an auto cure. But as Webster Tarpley said, he was just a front man demagogue and greatly hyped. He was part of the Obama Matrix being sold to the people. He was chosen to enslave, as well as the advisor on Wall Street and the National Economic Council and most Think Tanks.
David Axelrod and the rest were all part of the Chicago ‘cesspool’—Men in Black and Sock Puppets leading us into global tyranny and nightmare.
David Icke is a former sports broadcaster, ex-footballer, professional conspiracy theorist, and author of more than twenty books. Icke has lectured in more than 25 counties and has produced tons of DVDs about his theories over the years. He was born in 1952 to Barbara and Beric Icke a medical orderly for the Royal Air Force. The family lived in a terraced house in Leicester’s Lead Street and was so poor that they had to hide and pretend no one was home whenever the council man came looking for the rent. In a 2003 interview, he said that he still gets a fright when he gets a knock on his door. As a child he went to Whitehall Infant School before he proceeded to Whitehall Junior School. He has said that he never put much effort in school and it was not until he made the junior school’s football team that he was successful at anything. He became a goalkeeper for the junior school as he believed that it was his way out of poverty. He then proceeded to Crown Hills Secondary Modern from where he got spotted by Coventry City in 1967. He also played for Oxford United and Northampton Town before he got rheumatoid arthritis that made a career in football untenable. He retired from the sport in 1973.
His first job was as a reporter for the Leicester Advertiser before he moved on to work for Leicester News Agency and then went on to work as a reporter for the BBC. His first assignment with the BBC was as a presenter for Programmed Newsnight sports program. He worked for the BBC as a sports presenter on TV during the 1980s and 90s and also worked as a spokesman for the Green Party. He then published “It’s a Tough Game Son,” a book about breaking into a footballing career in 1983. It was in 1990 that he visited a psychic who told him that he had been born for a specific purpose. He soon started getting messages from the spirit dimension. In 1991 he said that he was the Son of God and prophesied that the earth would be struck by earthquakes and tidal waves on Wogan, a prime-time BBC show. His assertions turned him from one of the most beloved sports presenters in the UK into a figure of public ridicule. He was let go by the BBC when he publicly refused to pay the Community Charge – a kind of local tax which put his employer in a difficult position.
His Wogan Interview in 2003 marked Icke’s break with his former life though it planted the seed of defiance and made him into the man he is today. It gave him the courage to develop and propagate his ideas without a care of what society thought of him. In 1991 he published “The Truth Vibrations” which drew from his experiences in Peru, and became wildly popular. In the two years between 1992 and 1994, he became a prolific author penning five books four of which were published in 1993 alone. In 1992 he published “Love Changes Everything” a theosophical novel that tells of the origins of planet Earth. In the work, he channels the work of Deborah Shaw to speak with a lot of admiration for Jesus. In his 1993 work “Days of Decision” he questions how historical Jesus Christ is though he reluctantly acknowledges the existence of the spirit of Christ. “In the Light of Experience.” an autobiography chronicling his experience was published in the same year. He then followed these up with “Heal the World” that was published in 1993. In 1994 he published “The Robot’s Rebellion” which was a novel that contained the paranoid clichés and beliefs that Icke has become known for. The novel claimed that there was an extra-terrestrial and shadowy cabal that had made a plan for world domination. His unified conspiracy theory mixes in everything you could think of in what he calls the “Babylonian Brotherhood.” The Brotherhood is a conspiracy that has members from the banking system, the scientific community, members of the media and the militaries and religions of the world. These work under organizations such as the World Bank, the Rothschild family, the United Nations. The Council on Foreign Relations, the Bilderberg Group, the Freemasons, and the Illuminati among others.
David Icke’s “And the Truth Shall Set You Free” is an explosive novel that has proved very accurate in telling the future events of the 21st century. Icke tells the real story of global events and how they shape human existence. He exposes the astounding web of interconnected manipulation of world history that shows that a few organizations, secret societies, and a few people control the world. They control the media indoctrination machine, engineer regional and international wars, control the market for hard drugs, drive violent revolutions, and sponsor political assassinations and terrorist events all across the world. Almost all of the human-made catastrophes of the 20th century and going as far back as the Babylonian and Egyptian ancient empires can be traced to the same shadowy cabal. The names of the Global Elite that have been setting the agenda in recent times are some of the very well-known people in our modern societies. Icke provides an esoteric exposition of a worldwide conspiracy and provides what he believes is the only solution that will make it possible for human beings to break free from the tentacles of the conspiracy. He writes to inspire people to open the door of the mental prison and come out of the indoctrination to walk in freedom.
“The Biggest Secret” is one of Ickes most explosive and powerful books he has ever written. Just like in his other works, he exposes the interconnected nature of the secretive cabal of blue bloods that have controlled the Earth for millennia. In high detail, he writes about major events including the creation of the major religions and how the Global elite have been suppressing the esoteric knowledge that could set free humanity from the emotional and mental prison. In the book, Icke exposes the true origins of the major world religions including Christianity and Islam. He also explains that the Global Elite has suppressed a lot of scientific information, which is why the world has been undergoing a period of incredible transformation and change. The book also exposes the astonishing and true background of the British Royal Family including events in their history such as the 1997 murder of Princess Diana of Wales. He makes his assertions from meticulous research gathered from unique contacts in the royal family, including a close confidant of the murdered princess
David Icke’s “Alice in Wonderland and the World Trade Center Disaster” is a novel about the monumental lie that is the official story of 9/11. Icke asserts that the story that was told to the American public and the world after the events of September 11 were a fantasy of anomaly, untruth, contradiction, and manipulation. He spent the better part of ten years researching the events of that day and traveled to more than 40 countries to find the truth. Icke takes apart the official version including the subsequent war on terrorism and the cover story of Bin Laden being responsible for the attacks. He asserts and shows that Americans need to look closer to home to find the people responsible, rather than sending Americans thousands of kilometers into the remote Hindu Kush to find a man supposedly hiding in a cave. He gives an explanation of why the terrorist attacks were planned and what the Global Elite intended to achieve. David says that it is only by exposing the deceit and the lies of 9/11 and the people behind it can we honor the memory of the dead and their families. Icke asserts that the real goal of the attacks was to create a fascist state that is based on total surveillance and control. However, he does say that the people of the world can change the world and win it back from the Global Elite and their evil machinations.
There were 600 Yemen-Jewish babies in a Jewish-Israel state. Esrael, says Icke, is a racist state. Jack Bernstein was noted for wanting a one-world government control by Zionists and International Bankers. It was said that this was just Zionist propaganda. The first choice was Ashkenazim as defended by the Anti-Defamation league.
Worked with Hitler
The B’Nai Brit worked with Hitler. They funded the Russian revolution along with the ADL in order to keep the lid on the official story. When they made new enemies—they kept the lid on solidarity through the Mystery Schools and Sumer in a remake of Russian Dolls. The Masons up to the 33rd Degree.
Hybrid People
They were a hybrid place and people. A number of ‘Blue Degrees.’ The Illuminati are hidden through and through to protest their origin and identity as Adepts. The Adept Illuminati are actually hidden for their own benefit. Majority of the members are clueless. Most have control of the media and finance to the extent of totality.
Knights Templar
They have many disguises, such as the Knights Templar and Malta, Priory Sion, Opus Dei, and the Teutonic Knights of the Nazi regime. The Watchtower of the Jehovah’s Witness. Also, the Saint Bernard Cistercian Order. It reached into France with the French St. Clair family, Rosslyn Castle and the Temple District of the City of London.
All sides were in debt to them through the Templar taxes and requested ‘tithes’.
Friday the Thirteenth
The famous ‘purge’ was on Friday the 13, 1302, and began with Jacques de Molay and Bartolomeo Perestrelo who had a daughter who married Christopher Columbus. Columbus had access to maps which eventually led to the discovery of America. That access was also known as Le Serpent Rouge (The Serpent of Blood). This also led to the Knights of Malta. and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Knights of Roades, and Ignatius Loyola seminaries (bad seed in Latin).
Believe Only the Church
Father Alberto had 25,000 seminarians in 112 countries. In the Loyola Book it asks you to ‘believe only the Church,’ even if it is untrue (1548). This is all based on an oath recorded by Malachi Martin in in 1999. There is a secret church consisting of Lucifer The code there is INRI and asks you to ‘spy’ on your own brethren and to trust no one.
A lot of this started with Adam Weishaupt on May 1, 1776, and Mayer Amschel Rothschild, which was part of this organization. A Jesuit blueprint. It required these changes and Mayer Amschel Rothschild was an orthodox Ashkenazi where people fight each other but all sides were in control.
In 1785, a courier, carrying special documents, was struck by lightning, and the documents spoke of sexual bribery used in blackmail and bribery and murder; used for student indoctrination and enticement for scholarships. The people were scouted-out and placed in government positions and controlling places in mass communication.
In 1798, John Robinson wrote the Proofs of Conspiracy that revealed ‘tools’ that could be used: Sin is a virtue and that a mysterious ‘order’ will rule the world in cycle that resembled the Five Points of the Pentagram.
This program included the Hell Fire Club which consisted of Jesuit Nazis which consisted of the Burgs of the Oder of the Knights of Malta. many were escaped Nazis through 30,000 ratlines. These had interconnecting networks of global bankers such as the IMF, Nicholas Biddle, Bill Clinton, and Jews at Georgetown University, which had been attended by Herbert Walker Bush. Please note Stony Hurst College.
Reinard Gelen was a part of the CIA Knights of Malta. James Jesus Angleton worked with the CIA, as did Kim Philby. Allen Dulles was associated who was a brother who was a priest in the Skull and Bones; the tomb at Yale in which the skull of the Indian renegade Geronimo was secreted. John Kerry tells us about his initiation where he had to reenact death imagery and rebirth.
This Order was the heart of America in American National Security Advisors. They hide behind a false story, such as the elitist Safari Club and the Pinay Circle or the Bilderberg Group of May 1954, also continued in Le Cercle as part of the vehicles of Freemasonry and the Scottish and New York Rites and many others. These are all traced back to Babylon and its inner core groups such as P-2, the 1981 Geli Mossad and many other different groups.
The death of Pecorelli and the laundering of money, God’s Banker, was murdered and Robert Calvi, was also murdered. Involvements concerning Ellie de Rothschild and Licia Gelli’s Villa membership lists. which avoided textbook inquiries. Gladio, Kissinger, Haig, Pope John Paul I, St. Paul, all died from mysterious and unknown causes of the Hidden Hand. This was all propaganda due to Silvio Berlusconi who owned Finland investments. Please refer to Victor Marchetti and the 1973 book The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence about this secret cult that controls the world. This included the Round Table, the Royal Institute of International Affairs, the Bilderberg Group, The Council on Foreign Relations, The Trilateral Commission, and the Cub of Rome. Mentioned by Carroll Quigley and Cecil John Rhodes as the Devil’s Peak and the Society of the Elect.Bill Clinton was such a Rhodes Scholar. Alfred Milner expanded it to include Averell Harriman, and LordVictor Rothschild, Sir Douglas Home, Lionel Rothschild, as frequent visitors to Carrington and Hambros Bank. There were also connections with Henry Kissinger, Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz and Robert Zoellick: these were all Bilderberg puppets, both inner and outer circles. In 1979, this included John Prescott and Margaret Thatcher—Thatcher was ousted in 1979.
Lord Armstrong and Jesuit Robert Mugabe were associated with mass murder in a Zimbabwe-Chatham House, RIIA, CFR, James Perloff in a ‘roll-call’ of CFR members. There were 74 members including Harriman, the Bush Bank, the Harold Pratt House and John J. McCloy. These heads came together building the same bloodline. The CIA supported the Mujaheddin and Walter Mondale. Cojoined were Alan Greenspan, Peter D. Sutherland, D.P. and Goldman Sachs.
Many tax-exempt organizations were a part of this. Thyssen Copany and Congressman such as Carroll B. Reece. There was a common policy. Parties involved were Carnegie Trustees, Alger Hiss, Kathryn Casy, Samuel Johnson, Bill Clinton (whose wife trailed an unusually large dead-body count).
There were crooked Sleight-of-Hand elections which centralized power through Transnationals with power for only a few at the top. The Reptilian Hybrids.
Clinton-Blair sanctions of Iraq became under suspicion in the 1990s. The William J. Clinton Foundation created a new Mark II under Condoleezza Rice and Rodham Clinton at the helm. The System continued with Rupert Murdoch, Citigroup, The Rockefeller Foundation, and the Clintons. All over-layered with crooked elections.
Transnationals
Corporations become interlocked in a pyramid of manipulation for a few at the top. These were the Reptilian Hybrids. The capstone to this pyramid is the most elite: The Twelve Families and the Twelve Followers, including Coburg and Gothe sperm banks. In Arizona, these are even wilder.
There is talk of Marguis de Lebeaux and the Pinnacle of the Draco who ‘do’ as they are told. All these employees and institutions do as they are told. Power positions always go to the right people. Ordo Ab Chao. Problem-Reaction-Solution. There is a certain amount of arrogance in totalitarian tiptoeing. Free trade using diversion techniques, says Icke. when making Money out of Nothing. Like when crediting King Hammurabi, and the stories of the Knights Templar.
There is a whole hidden history in Black Nobility going back to Venice and the Banco of Lombard Street and the Gold trade and the Gold Smith; notes were submerged in debt; the Fractional Reserve System. The culprits reserved your wealth as their own under this myth, which goes back to Nathan Rothschild’s Battle of Waterloo in 1815. This led into the Mossad’s Boom and Bust system when they called in loans to repay loans. Controlled banking; all part of the central banking system and the private banking cartel and the taxation of people; It was coordinated corruption involving the Monetary Fund and the Bank of England.
Recall Wiam Orange in 1694 and Jekyll Island in 1910, leading to the event of Senator Nelson Aldrich, Paul and Max Warburg, as well as the trail of I.G. Farben, Nina Leoh, Frieda Schiff, the Federal Reserve Bill of 1913-–all part of the private banks.
Similarly, there was Paul Volcker, Alan Greenspan and the Federal Reserve and IOUs to the BIS. Senator Thomas Benton Rothschild was part of the cabal that owned the dollar by using Counterfeit notes in 1930. The same for banks in 1998 and the World Central Bank today. We are being forced to have a World Central Back even today. All property at their mercy. They are Neptune’s and so ludicrous, says Icke, in rigging the system with Cartelism.
Look at the Diamond Market, says Icke. DeBeers was started in 1871. Lord Salisbury and Lord Roseburg ordered the mines consolidated in 1888 which led to the war with the Boers (Prince Rose and Croix Lodge N0. 30), which also led to the Rosicrucian 1897 Union of South Africa. Further details can be found with Alfred Milner, Ernest Oppenheimer, Namibia and the Anglo-American Corporation. Ernest Oppenheimer was Chairman in 1929. All were hybridlike cattle that worked to justify the prices they demandedthrough indoctrination of the public using dubious marketing strategy, even movies. Debeer companies used blatant untruths and even terrorism in 200 merchants using unusually prices—artificially high. The Anglo-American Corporation dealt in Black Markets of alluvial diamonds in a coup supported by the CIA and a Mobius diamond cartel—one big cartel.
The same with the Gold Industry.
All Going Morally Bankrupt but most arduously and innately involved in control and domination of mankind!
Part IV: Cracks in the Egg—The Global Cadence
The costs of water and food on global levels heading for bankruptcy for the average person. Benito Mussolini did his share of hijacking of the food chain. A Cap is needed on the rich -poor divide. Bob Geldof in 1988 spoke of a ‘sting’ operation in the European economy. The Federal Reserve buyouts. The General Electric Corporation where Dr. Ana and Charles really own the body and pay only a royalty on patented ‘seed banks.’ They are without a license to operate a food control where corporations no longer operate as Corporations by and for the people. The Crown Temple fallaciously tries to remove the problem. Instead, there is only ‘death in the woods,’ while the attempt to cover their tracks. It is bigger than you think as they try programming the language, creating a blueprint for conquest.
The Personnel
Donald Ramsfield, Dick Chaney, Paul Wolfowitz, Lewis Libby, John Bolton, Elliot Abrams, Dov Zakeim, Douglas Faith, Richard Perle, Michael Ledom, John Negroponte, Zalmay Kha lazed and Jed Bush. Still all part of the Sumerian – Khazar mafia.
The Story of Flight 11, Flight 175, Flight 77 and Flight 93.
Flights 11, 175 and 93 are still some of biggest Norad mysteries in the lap of Michel de Montaigne and Donald Rumfield and the bombshell caused by ‘boy Bush.’ There were many omissions by the investigation Commission in an Alice in Wonderland matrix. Why did the hijacking not start while the planes were landed? The disappearance of and tampering with the Black Boxes is open to question. Flight 77 did not crash into the Pentagon, but may have been a separate missile, not the plane. And the fall of the buildings themselves appear to be “controlled demolition.” The extra building, No. 7, was circumspectly collapsed when someone said to ”pull it.” Flight 93 is suspected of being passengerless and pilotless and operated by someone on the ground.
There is growing evidence that the said pilots were trained by aviation schools that had close ties with the CIA.
The roots of 9/11 have to do with a George Orwell reality and fake democracy and law enforcement elitism, part of a Superstate agenda. One of the movements may have to do with a United Europe and further treaties of Rome. John Foster Dulles and Dean Acheson spoke of a ‘Eura ton’ and Monumental but bogus referendums: the Soviet Union of Europe and the European Commission. Icke says these were ‘useful idiots.’ Dark Eyes but EU sellouts of the North American Trade Agreement which was not real ‘free trade.’ There is no “super corridor” but only, according to George Shultz, a national flux of people in a World Bank.
It is all part of the New World Order upon Americans and others where their freedoms are at stake. It is all a partnership in crime. Parties involved are Lord Keyes, Gatt, The Bechter Group, Robert Zoellick and the IMF: all centralized and uniform in the Problem-Reaction-Solution. Also, Margaret Thatcher, the Bush-Clinton drug ring. Vincent Foster, the Rose Law Firm. Larry Nichols, The Social Democratic Party (SDP), Victor Rothschild, MI5, and a lot of Ivy League, and Tony Blair who became part of the Shadow People in 1953.
It was all Rule by Sycophants: The R-Complex. This included the Queen, The Labour Party, The Manchurian Candidates Abu Nidal and Cho Seung-Hu, Paul McKenna, Cathleen Ann O’brien, The Warren Commission, Project Monarch, MKUltratrist Lampe and Missouri Representative Wayne Cox, Lt. Colonel Michael Aquino.
In this Castle of Kings was Azazel, Hillary Clinton, Timothy McVeigh—were all part of a global sickness where DARPA was experimenting with ‘thought tracking and manufacturing of reality.’ With Chem Trails, we are poisoning the skies, some are Barium alloys. Dr. Nick Begich speaks of the Hive Mind, a Left-Brain prison—all part of the Bush Cabal.
Carlos Castaneda talks of ‘force whispering’ and the use of subliminal images in Double thinking. Nick Griffin and C.D Seane say that this can be found in diet soda, fluoride imputations, Big Pharma. Dr. Andrew Wakefield sees this as all part of a global fascism He reminds us of IPCC experiments and talk of Sunspots about 1893.
Edward Maunder, Professor Ian Clerk, Tim Ball and Al Gore speaks about returning to a medieval ‘warm period.’ Nigel Lawson, Professor Philip Scott, Professor Patrick Michaels likewise wish to invent a Gobal Waring Club. Professor Patrick Michaels speculates this will all be outlined by ‘computer crazies.’ Professor David Adams talks about climate change leading to ‘another dimensional awareness.’
Symbolic Interlude. Now That’s Prophecy. Neo-Nazi Cops. 9/11 – The Big Lie. Lying for a Living. The Miracle Factory. The Seamless Web. The Conspiracy Allude. Free Trade as We Tell You. Fake Democracy. The Super State Agenda. The Wall. The Sycophant versus Britain. Made in Manchuria. Whose Word is in your Head? The Hive Mind. Computer Access. The Carbon Con. The Shift.
The follow the bloodlines to find their masters own people – they have followed the recessive traits in the human race.
Their own race, ages ago, shared the several genetic traits. When their own bloodline changed over thousands of years, the masters of the greys sent workers to start checking the changes in the human race.
A few at a time to start, then more and more studies, trying to find a human with blood that matches the blood of masters. If the blood of the human he and his sibling and following children will be tracked.
If the human’s blood doesn’t match, they might end up in Dulce Base or similar facilities. They search for negative blood type, or the more rare blood groups. The specific blood more like to carry the traits they follow would be the blood of the Celtic and Basque people. They have been splitting certain blood cells for several generations, making each next generation they will finally produce for a human who’s blood is a perfect match.
QUESTIONS ABOUT THE FLASHGUN AT DULCE BASE
Question:
Tell me more about the flashgun. Is it difficult to operate, or is it like the weapon on Star Trek that can stun or kill on different modes?
Answer: This advanced weapon is an advanced beam weapon that can operate on three different phases.
Phase 1, like Star Trek, can stun and maybe kill, if the person has a weak heart.
On Phase 2, it can levitate anything no matter what it weighs.
Phase 3 is the serious business mode. The Flashgun is an awesome weapon that can paralyze anything that lives, animal, human, alien and plant.
On the higher position on the same mode, it can create a temporary death. I assure you, any doctor would certify that
person is dead, but their life essence lingers in some strange limbo, some kind of terrible state of non-death.
In one to five hours, the person will revive, slowly. First, the bodily functions will begin, and in a few minutes, consciousness follows with full awareness. In that mode, the alien scientists re-program the human brain and plant false information.
When the person awakens, he ‘recalls’ the false information as information he gained through life experience. There is no way for a person to learn the truth. The human mind ‘remembers’ and believes completely the false data.
If you attempt to inform them, they would laugh or get angry.
They NEVER believe the truth. Their mind always forgets the experience of re-programming.
You asked if the flashgun is difficult to operate. A two-year-old child could use it with one hand. It resembles a flashlight, with black glass conical inverted lens. On the side are three recessed knobs in three curved grooves. Each knob has different size, and shape.
The closer the lever to the hand, the less the strength or power of that lever. It’s that simple. Each knob has three strengths also, with automatic stops at each position. The strongest position will vaporize anything that lives. That mode is so powerful it will leave NO TRACE of what it vaporized.
Question: The weapon called a Flash Gun must a different name in the manuals. Can you please name the authentic name of that weapon?
Answer: Everybody calls them Flash Guns, or more commonly “The Flash” or “my Flash” when talking about it. In the manual, the flashgun is introduced as the Armorlux Weapon. After that, the weapon is always called as the Flash Gun.
ARMY OBSERVERS’ REPORT
OF
OPERATION
TASK FORCE 68, U.S.NAVY RESTRICTED
ARMY OBSERVERS’ REPORT
OF
OPERATION
HIGHJUMP
TASK FORCE 68, U. S. NAVY
WAR DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, D. C.
SEPTEMBER 1 947 Distribution :
OSW (2); WDGS Divs (5), except R&D (300); WDSS Divs (2);
AAF (10); AGF (50); T (2); Dept (2); Base Comd (2); Def
Comd (2); AAF Comd (5); Arm & Sv Bd (2); Adm Sv (2);
Tech Sv (15); AMA (2); FC (1); PG (2); Ars (2); Div Eng (2);
GH (1); RH (1); Disp (1); Sch (2), except Gen & Sp Sv Sch
(5); USMA (5); Tng C (2); Class III Instls (1); A (5); CHQ
(2); D (2); D (ATC) (2); D (A Tng Comd) (2); B (2); R (1);
AF (5); W (2); G (1); Special distribution.
For explanation of distribution formula, see TM 38-405.
ii PREFACE
This report represents the combined observations of Army personnel assigned to
Task Force 68, Operation “HIGHJUMP”, Naval Antarctic Development Project,
December 1946 to April 1947. The War Department responded willingly to a Navy
invitation to send observers on this important expedition and increased its represen-
tation to sixteen, ten more than originally allotted by the Navy. (The personnel
included four men with prior Antarctic experience.)
The Army cooperated with the Navy in respect to materiel items, particularly
in regard to Ordnance vehicles and Quartermaster items of issue including special
rations, tents, skis, stoves, sleeping bags, and cold weather clothing.
The Army observers were primarily a cross-section representing Army Air Forces,
Army Ground Forces, and some of the technical services. The combined background
permitted a general coverage of primary Army interests, particularly in the fields of
polar research, engineering, communications, personal health and protection, surface
transportation, meteorology, photography, air operations, emergency rescue, and
various fields of scientific research.
By Navy request, the Army observers’ activity was to be segregated specifically
from expedition operations. However, they asked for or accepted voluntary work
assignments which would permit better opportunities for military observations.
The Army personnel therefore had an active part in many operational activities
including exploratory flights, air operations, base construction, photography, over-
snow travel, meteorology, emergency rescue planning, training, scientific projects,
and other activities.
The Army observers were concentrated for the most part with the Central Group
which operated on the Ross Shelf Ice, as there was little of concern to the Army in
respect to ship movements and seaplane activity of the Eastern and Western Groups.
The War Department issued no special instructions to its observers, but appointed a
senior observer who was well qualified as to the broad interests of the Army in high
latitude operations and thoroughly cognizant as to Antarctic conditions. The senior
Army observer organized the observation team and clarified fields of responsibility.
The trip to Antarctica aboard the U. S. S. Mount Olympus, Flagship of the Task Force,
was spent in frequent conference to prepare for maximum utilization of observation
opportunities in the Antarctic. The plan worked smoothly while on the ice permit-
ting the observers to work independently with only occasional coordination with the
senior observer. On the return, the observers held daily conferences and prepared
iii necessary joint logs and reports by means of dictation into a wire recorder. The
specific topics for which the observers were individually qualified and responsible
were prepared separately.
Within one week upon return to the United States the Army observation reports,
in rough draft, including illustrations, were submitted to the War Department and
were made available in most instances to the agencies primarily concerned. The
publication of the combined Army observers’ report was purposely postponed until
the Navy’s much larger report could have prior release. It is felt that the Army
observers’ report, although it does not attempt to cover ship operations or problems of
primary concern to the Navy, does contain many valuable independent observations
from an Army viewpoint that do not constitute a duplication of the Navy’s “Report
of Operation Highjump”. (U. S. Navy Antarctic Development Project 1947.)
The Army’s combined observers’ report has in no manner attempted to evaluate
or criticize the Navy’s Operation Highjump. It has been a conscientious effort to
report the operation as planned and executed. Each contributor was requested
to consider the operation in the light of the problems with which the Army would be
faced, were it to undertake a similar project, and to make recommendations as to
how difficulties could be obviated.
The War Department is indebted to the Navy for including Army observers on
Operation Highjump under the commendable leadership of Rear Admiral R. E, Byrd
and Rear Admiral R. H. Cruzen. The Army observers, and those who have assisted
in production of this report, are to be commended for the very valuable contribu-
tions they have made to the War Department research and development program.
H. S. AURAND
Major General, GSG
Director of Research & Development
War Department General Staff
IV CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE Hi
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION.
Section I. Planning of Operation “HIGHJUMP” 1
IE Activities of U. S. Army Observers 5
HI. Narrative Account of Operation “HIGHJUMP” 13
CHAPTER 2. ARMY INTEREST IN ANTARCTICA.
Section I. Historical Comments 15
II. Army Interest 16
CHAPTER 3. ENGINEER OPERATIONS.
Section I. Introduction 18
II. Construction Equipment 25
III. Cargo Handling and Unloading 30
IV. Buildings and Shelters 34
V. Utilities 41
VI. Airstrips and Snow Tests 44
VIE Recommendations 57
CHAPTER 4. TRANSPORTATION.
Section I. Introduction 64
II. Cargo Carrier, M29C 66
III. Tractors 70
IV. Drawn Conveyances 78
V. Landing Vehicle, Tracked (LVT) 81
VI. Observations 96
VII. Recommendations 99
VIII. Comments by U. S. M. C. Observer 101
CHAPTER 5. AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS.
Section I. R4D (C-47) Operations in the Antarctic 105
II. Technical Observations 108
III. Recommendations Ill
IV. Log of L-5 in the Antarctic 113
V. Comments on Air Operations by U. S. N. Observer 120
VI. Air Operations Logs—Central, Eastern, and Western Groups 124
CHAPTER 6. SEARCH AND RESCUE.
Section T. Task Force 68 Search and Rescue Plan 129
II. Aircraft Accidents 135
III. Search and Rescue Equipment 145
IV. Observations 154
V. Recommendations 159
VI. Plan and S. O. P. for Army Search and Rescue Unit in the Antarctic . . . 161 CHAPTER 7. MEDICAL. f°*‘
Section I. Plans, Objectives and Policies 168
II. Technical Observations 176
III. Environmental Sanitation 199
IV. Survival and Rescue 208
V. Recommendations 217
VI. List of Medical Supplies Cached at “Little America III” 220
VII. Comments on U. D. T. by U. S. N. Observer 222
CHAPTER 8. COMMUNICATIONS (SIGNAL CORPS).
Section I. U. S. S. Mount Olympus 223
II. Airstrip Control Station 229
III. Aircraft 245
IV. Emergency Base Station 247
V. Trail Party 249
VI. Clothing 251
VII. Observations 252
VIII. Recommendations 255
CHAPTER'9. COMMUNICATIONS (ACS).
Section I. Plans and Objectives 259
II. Observations ' 259
III. Recommendations 263
CHAPTER 10. PHOTOGRAPHY.
Section I. Task Force Plan 265
II. Personnel and Assignments 268
III. Equipment 273
IV. Operation of Equipment 273
V. Cold Weather Problems 280
VI. Recommendations 286
VII. Comments by U. S. N. Observer 289
CHAPTER 11. METEOROLOGY.
Section I. Meteorological Plan 290
II. Technical Observations 291
III. Weather Processes Encountered 299
IV. Recommendations 300
CHAPTER 12. ANTARCTIC PLAN FOR SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION.
Section I. Approaches to the Antarctic 324
II. The International Scientific Plan 326
III. joint Aerial Exploratory Program 327
IV. The Antarctic Is Different 328
V. Conclusion 328
CHAPTER 13. COMBINED OBSERVERS' LOG 329 APPENDIX I. INSTRUCTIONS FOR OBSERVERS 374
II. FACILITIES ASHORE AT LITTLE AMERICA 377
III. QUARTERMASTER QUESTIONNAIRE FOR NAVY TASK
FORCE 68 379
IV. OPERATIONAL AND PLANNING DISCUSSION .... 386
V. GLACIOLOGICAL STUDY OF BAY OF WHALES AREA . 391
VI. MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEVE SNOW
SURFACES 394
VII. CLOTHING AND FOOTGEAR EXPERIMENTS 397
VIII. MAPS 399
Page
vii Top row: Maj, Crozier; Capt. Harrison/ Mr. Waite/ Dr. Siple/ Maj. Holcombe/ Capt. Wiener/ Lt. Col. Davis. Bottom row: T/5 Waltersdort;
T/5 Shimberg/ Lt. Col. Love/ CWO Morency/ Mr. Davis/ Sgt. London/ Lt. Col. Johns
Figure 1. Army observers assigned to U. S. Navy Task Force 68, Operation HIGHJUMP RESTRICTED
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
SECTION I. Planning of Operation "HIGHJUMP"
1. Command of Project.
The United States Navy’s “Antarctic De-
velopment Project, 1947,” identified by the
code word HIGHJUMP, was established by
the Chief of Naval Operations to be carried
out by Task Force 68 of the Atlantic Fleet.
This force, commanded by Rear Admiral
Richard H. Cruzen, was under the opera-
tional and administrative control of the
Commander in Chief, U. S. Atlantic Fleet.
Technical control was retained by the Chief
of Naval Operations and exercised through
Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, USN (Ret.),
who was designated as the officer in charge
of the project and during the conduct of
operations exercised technical control. Tac-
tical command at all times remained with
the Commander Task Force 68.
2. Assumptions.
a. That ice conditions would permit access
to the proposed operating areas.
b. That weather conditions encountered
would permit conduct of planned air and
surface operations.
c. That no vessels of the task force would
spend the winter in the Antarctic.
3. Objectives of Project
a. To establish a temporary base and air-
strip on the Ross Shelf Ice in the vicinity of
Tittle America, Antarctica, and conduct
systematic long range air exploration of the
Antarctic Continent therefrom, and conduct
naval operations and carry out specific proj-
ects for training naval personnel, testing
materials, and amplifying scientific knowl-
edge of the Antarctic.
b. To extend the area of exploration of the
Antarctic Continent, utilizing aircraft based
on tenders operating around the continental
perimeter.
c. To examine the limits and character of
the ice belt surrounding the Antarctic Con-
tinent and the coast line where accessible by
surface ships.
d. To carry out assigned naval and scien-
tific projects in order to—-
(1) Train personnel and test materiel in
the frigid zones.
(2) Explore the largest practicable area
of the Antarctic Continent.
(3) Determine the feasibility of establish-
ing, maintaining, and utilizing bases in the
Antarctic, and investigate possible base sites.
(4) Develop techniques for establishing,
maintaining, and utilizing bases on ice, with
particular reference to later applicability of
such techniques to operations in interior
of ice caps where conditions are comparable
to those in the Antarctic.
(5) Amplify existing stores of knowledge
of hydrographic, geographic, geological, me-
teorological, and electromagnetic propagation
conditions in the area.
(6) Supplement objectives of the 1946
NANOOK operation.
765274—48—
1 BAY OF WHALES AREA
1947
GEOGRAPHIC STUDY-BY PAUL A. SIPUE
SKETCH MAP-BY JOHN ROSCOE
ALL PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES FORMED
IN ICE-NO LAND AT LITTLE A M ER IC A
Figure 2. Bay of Whales area, January 1947.
2 4. Task Force Composition.
Task Force 68 was subdivided into four
task groups with the following locations and
objectives:
a. Central Group, The Central Group was
composed of the following vessels:
1 Communications Ship (ACC), the U. S. S.
Mount Olympus (Flagship).
1 Ice breaker, “wind class” (WAG), the
U. S. C. G. C. Northwind.
1 Ice breaker (AG), the U. S. S. Burton
Island.
2 Supply ships (AKA), U. S. S. Yancey and
U. S. S. Merrick.
1 Submarine (SS), U. S. S. Sennet.
This task group was to proceed to the Bay of
Whales, land and establish a temporary base
and airstrip in the vicinity of Little America,
conduct systematic long range air explora-
tion and associated operations, carry out
various training and test projects, and sup-
port scientific investigations in the interests
of amplifying our knowledge of the Antarctic.
b. Western Group. The Western Group
was composed of the following vessels:
1 Seaplane tender (AV), the U. S. S. Curri-
tuck.
1 Tanker (AO), the U. S. S, Cacapon.
1 Destroyer (DD), the U. S. S. Henderson.
c. Eastern Group. The Eastern Group was
composed of the following vessels:
1 Seaplane tender, the U. S. S. Pine Island.
1 Tanker, the U. S. S. Canisteo.
1 Destroyer, the U. S. S. Brownson.
This task group was to proceed to the vicinity
of Peter I Island (69° S. latitude and 91° W.
longitude) and from this location begin
systematic air exploration of assigned areas
of the continent and coast line. This area
was to be covered by moving eastward along
the continental perimeter, keeping just out-
side of the ice pack.
d. Carrier Group. In addition to the above
one aircraft carrier, the U. S. S. Philippine
Sea was to ferry the R4D aircraft and one
H03S helicopter down to the limits of the
ice pack from which point the R4D aircraft
were to be flown southward over the Ross
Sea to the airstrip on the ice shelf. The
helicopter was to be carried within range of
Little America aboard the ice breaker
Northwind.
5. General Concept of Operations after
Arrival.
The primary objectives of the expedition
were: To explore and map by aerial recon-
naissance and photography as much of the
unexplored and unmapped portions of the
interior as possible and certain unknown or
improperly charted parts of the coast line;
to test cold weather air operations from ice
cap terrain with conventional wheel landing
gear by constructing and using a matted
airstrip; and to determine the feasibility of
and develop techniques for establishing,
maintaining, and utilizing air bases on ice.
To these ends the various phases of the opera-
tion were planned as follows:
a. Base Site. The ice barrier was to be
approached in the Bay of Whales area and a
thorough investigation made to locate a
feasible base site in that area. If the bay
was found closed and the area unsuitable for
landing, search was to be made along the
barrier, aided by observation from the heli-
copter carried aboard the U. S. C. G. G.
Northwind. The site selected had to satisfy
the following requirements:
(1) The top of the barrier must be
accessible from the ice, foot or bay ice.
(2) The general area had to be one in
which the ice showed minimal signs of a
tendency to break off.
(3) The terrain must present a level
straightaway 1 mile long for the airstrip.
b. Base Construction. The senior Civil En-
gineer Corps officer was to be responsible
for construction of the base and airstrip.
All construction was planned to continue
3 on a 24-hour basis. The following priorities
were given to the various phases of establish-
ing the base:
(1) Priority One. Construct an access road-
way from the ship’s side to a place of safety
on top of the barrier, set up rigging to move
cargo sleds from ship to barrier top, establish
an emergency subsistence facility on the
barrier top, and install communications for
local control of unloading and construction.
(2) Priority Two. Break a trail from the
first supply and equipment depot on the
barrier top (“place of safety” mentioned
above) to the base camp site.
(3) Priority Three. Erect a 300-man tem-
porary tent camp.
(4) Priority Four. Install air operating facil-
ities such as quonset hut for service facilities,
radio equipment, and the pierced plank
landing mat 150 by 5,000 feet with parking
area, fuel dump, and runway lights.
(5) Priority Five. Erect 35-man emergency
winter hut camp.
(6) Priority Six. Special facilities for testing
equipment under cold weather conditions.
c. Carrier Group Operations. Upon comple-
tion of the airstrip (estimated late January)
two R4D aircraft were to be called from the
carrier lying outside of the ice pack at about
70° S. latitude and 175° W. longitude.
These planes were to make the flight and
test the landing strip before the balance of
the R4D aircraft were called. The destroyer
Henderson was to act as plane guard during the
launching operation. After ferrying and
launching the aircraft, no further role was
planned for the carrier which was then to
be released for return to the Canal Zone.
The helicopter on the Philippine Sea was to
be brought in to within flying distance of the
base site aboard the U. S, C. G. C. Northwind.
d. General Air Plan. (1) After the aircraft
from the carrier had joined the central
group the planes available at the main base
would be the following:
6 R4D (C-47)—based ashore.
1 JA (G-64) on skis—based ashore.
1 H03S (commercial type) helicopter—
based ashore.
2 J2F (amphibians)—one on U.S.G.G.C.
Northwind and one on U.S.S. Burton Island.
1 HOS (R~6) helicopter—based on the
U.S.C.G.G. Northwind.
1 H03S helicopter—based on the U.S.S.
Burton Island.
2 Or (L 5) based ashore.
With this equipment systematic exploration
within the limits of practicable flight by the
specially modified R4D aircraft was to be
carried out. The range of these aircraft with
cabin tanks was estimated at 750 miles’
radius. It was intended to fly standard
sector search tracks spaced so that adjacent
plane tracks at the end of the sector would be
no more than 60 miles apart. The planes
were oxygen equipped and where possible
were to fly at 10,000 feet altitude over the
average terrain level while taking trime-
trogon photographs. All R4D’s were to be
modified to a combination ski-wheel landing
gear. The smaller aircraft were earmarked
for rescue and short range reconnaissance.
(2) The Eastern and Western Task Groups
each had available the following aircraft:
3 PBM-5 seaplanes.
1 HOS (R-6) heli-
copter
1 SOG seaplane
1 H03S helicopter.
Western—all on U.
S. S. Currituck.
Eastern—all on U.
S. S. Pine Island.
The helicopters and seaplanes were to be
used for rescue and short range recon-
naissance. The PBM aircraft were to be
used in pairs to conduct exploration of as-
signed areas. Each group was to move
gradually in a direction away from the Ross
Sea area along the continental perimeter.
They were to concentrate on areas outside
of a 750-mile circle from the Central
Group’s base. Flights were to cover the
coast line first in order to provide maximum
geographical reference for succeeding flights
4 into the interior. After photographing the
coast line, flights were to be made into the
interior up to 700 miles from the ships.
General areas covered are indicated on map,
appendix VIII.
e. Withdrawal. When the season advanced
to the more difficult weather of the Antarctic
fall, making air operations unprofitable or
impracticable (estimated late March) ships
of the Central Group were to be loaded and
cleared from the Ross Sea and the entire task
force withdrawn from the Antarctic area for
return to the United States.
f. Emergency Base. It was planned that no
personnel would remain in the Antarctic
except to continue a rescue operation. If
this became necessary the winter party of
about 35 men and officers would be chosen
insofar as possible from volunteers and would
occupy the emergency camp mentioned
above as fifth priority in the base construc-
tion plan. If possible this camp was to be
located so as to utilize the buildings left by
the U. S. Antarctic Service Expedition in
1941 (“3rd Byrd Expedition”). The com-
plement of the emergency camp was planned
to include one medical officer and one
medical enlisted man.
g. Scientific Research. As auxiliary activities
many scientific projects were to be pursued
in such fields as geology, meteorology,
terrestrial magnetism, oceanography, radar
propagation, etc. Certain of these projects
were under the direction of civilian scien-
tists from nonmilitary governmental agen-
cies.
SECTION II. Activities of U. S. Army Observers
1. Personnel.
The personnel serving as War Department
observers on Operation HIGHJUMP, to-
gether with the agencies they represented
were as follows:
Dr. Paul A. Siple, civilian, WDGS, Research
and Development (Assistant to Admiral
Byrd on technical matters).
John N. Davis, Lt. Col., Inf., Infantry
School (Airborne).
Willis S. Johns, Lt. Col., A. C., AAF Com-
munications.
R. C. Love, Lt. Col., M. C., AAF, The Air
Surgeon.
James H. Holcombe, Maj., C. E., AAF, The
Air Engineer.
Dan Crozier, Maj., M. C., Brooke Army
Medical Center.
Mr. A. H. Waite, civilian, Chief Signal Corps
and Signal Corps Engineering Laboratory.
Murray A. Wiener, Capt., A. C., AAF
Rescue Service.
Chas. H, Harrison, Capt., A. C., AAF,
Weather Service.
Mr. Robert Davis, civilian, Strategic Air
Command (radar mapping observer).
S. A. London, 1st Sgt., AAF Rescue Service
(paratrooper).
A. J. L. Morency, C. W. O., Amphibious
Engineers.
In addition to the above, four U. S. Army
enlisted photographers were on the expedi-
tion as participants under Navy direction.
They were: Cpl. J. M. Waltersdorf and
Gpl. J. Shimberg, central group; Cpl. H. G.
Foster, Western group; and Cpl. E. Zinberg,
Eastern group.
2. Policies of the Commander, Task Force
68.
The policies of the Commander Task
Force 68 with reference to the activities of the
Army observers were as follows:
a. Army observers were not to participate
5 in the operation or the projects set up for
accomplishment by the Navy Department.
Their capacity as observers only was main-
tained except as requested by the task force
staff.
b. In order that the final report on HIGH-
JUMP might be as complete and compre-
hensive as possible, it was directed that ob-
servers submit their official reports to or via
the Task Force Commander. If desired,
observers were given the choice of submitting
advance copies of their reports to interested
addressees. The Task Force Commander
was to be informed of advance copies so
distributed.
c. Commanders were directed to furnish
the Army group with all information and
assistance possible in the furtherance of their
mission.
d. Complete photographic coverage of all
aspects of the operation was planned, and
any additional photographic work desired
by Army observers was to be made available.
3. Planning of Activities.
Planning of observers’ activities was initi-
ated after departure from Balboa, C. Z.
Regular meetings of all Army personnel were
scheduled three times a week, and plans
were drawn up for coverage of all task force
projects and activities.
a. A master chart listing all major activi-
ties and subdivisions thereof was prepared in
such a way as to indicate the primary,
secondary, and minor interests of each ob-
server in the various phases of the operation.
The master chart included official Navy test
and research projects and in addition many
routine phases of the operation which it was
believed would yield valuable information.
The medical officers submitted a jointly
prepared outline of subjects to cover which
became the medical section of the Army
project list.
b. It was decided that a final consolidated
report to the War Department would be
written on the return journey from material
assembled by the various observers. Each
Army observer wrote the sections for which
he had been originally assigned and con-
sidered best qualified. These assignments
carried with them the responsibility for
detailed observation and final preparation
of material for the consolidated report.
c. It was believed preferable that most
Army observers live ashore from the earliest
possible date in close contact with the opera-
tion. Accordingly, a memorandum was sub-
mitted to the Chief of Staff, Task Force 68
requesting that this be authorized. Subse-
quently the task force commander directed
that during the early phase of unloading
supplies and building the airstrip, only per-
sonnel essential to the actual progress of the
work would be quartered on the ice. All
other personnel, both Navy and Army, were
to sleep aboard ship. During this period
the presence of these officers on the ice was
to be permitted insofar as it did not place a
burden on the shore party in erecting tent-
quarters, expanding the mess to accommo-
date them, etc. See Task Force Memoran-
dum, this subject, appendix II. Exception
to this policy in connection with the War
Department observers was made in the case
of Maj. Holcombe, Aviation Engineer ob-
server, who was invited to assist by partici-
pating in the operation in his field and was
authorized to quarter ashore at any time at
the discretion of the senior naval engineering
officer. Other Army personnel were to be
quartered ashore after the landing and con-
struction phases.
d. In view of the detailed and complete
photo coverage of all kinds planned for the
expedition it was the hope of the medical
observers that a moving picture covering
the medical support of the operation might
be assembled. The privilege of requesting
photographic coverage was extended to the
Army group and a comprehensive list of
medical subjects was submitted.
6 e. It was foreseen that many of the data
assembled by various observers would re-
quire interpretation and correlation with
the weather conditions prevailing when the
observations were made. The AAF Weather
Service observer was assigned the responsibil-
ity for obtaining and recording daily informa-
tion on temperature, wind, cloud cover, etc.
4. Activities Ashore.
Most Army observers made daily visits
ashore until 23 January when tent quarters
were made available and were occupied
from that date until the shore party was
evacuated on the U. S. C. G. C. Burton Island.
Information was gathered principally
through the medium of daily contact with
personnel of the base camp. Press confer-
ences were not attended by Army observers,
with the exception of a few instances. Each
air crew member was interrogated after all
major flights. Engineering officers, crew
chiefs, and line mechanics were also con-
tacted on matters relating to their work
activities. Permission was obtained from the
base commander and senior officer of the
flight echelon to attend aircrew briefings, and
this was done whenever possible. Major
Dan Crozier, M. C., and C. W. O. Anthony
J. L. Morency were members of the party
which made a week’s trip to the Rockefeller
Mountains in tracked vehicles.
5. Recommended Assignments of Army
Observers.
The following memorandum from Dr.
Paul A. Siple, Senior War Department
Observer, to Capt. R. S. Quackenbush,
USN, Chief of Staff, Task Force 68, outlined
the recommended assignments for the Army
observers while with the Task Force on
Operation Highjump:
18 December 1946
Aboard USS Mount Olympus
MEMORANDUM TO: Capt. R. S. Quackenbush, U. S. N., Chief of Staff,
Task Force 68, Operation “HIGHJUMP”.
FROM: Dr. Paul A. Siple; Senior War Dept. Observer, U. S.
Army.
SUBJECT: Recommended assignments of Army Observer per-
sonnel during phase I of Ice Operations (Prior to
arrival of R4D aircraft).
1. The following recommendations are summarized from detailed observa-
tion plans now under preparation to be submitted at a later date. Army
Observer personnel are sincerely interested in the success of Operation “HIGH-
JUMP” and are willing, individually or collectively, to be of such assistance
to the Task Force Commander as he might desire, insofar as they are capable,
providing, of course, that such possible assignments permit ample opportunity
to carry out observations of their specifically assigned fields by the War Depart-
ment. The following list of Army Observer Personnel is given by name, showing
individual primary interests and personal choice of location:
A. Dr. Paul A. Siple, W. D. G. S.:
(a) To be available at all times for advice as desired by the Officer
in Charge and the Commanding Officer of Task Force 68, on subjects pertaining
7 to Antarctic Geography, safety of personnel and general operations ashore,
including scientific research program.
(b) To be available to assist the Task Force Commander in selection
of suitable safe sites for various operations on the ice.
(c) To observe physical factors related to the construction of the airstrip.
(d) When not occupied with (a), (b), and (c) above, to accompany
members of the scientific group concerned with studies and surveys of the defor-
mation of the Ross Shelf Ice.
(e) To observe factors of human adaptations, acclimatization, accus-
tomization, clothing protection, climatic effects and carry out personal experi-
mentation on radical clothing designs.
(f) To take such opportunities as may be provided to carry out visual
observations from the air, to continue previous studies of the morphology of the
glaciation of Antarctica and its general geographic structure.
CHOICE OF LOCATION:
(1) As desired by Admiral Cruzen.
(2) At the airstrip camp.
(3) With the bivouac camp for scientific group, planning to study
ice deformation.
(4) Aboard ship.
B. Lt. Col. Robert C. Love, M. C.:
(a) Primary interest concerns general and specific problems of aero-
medical and general medical nature. This latter will include all phases of health,
sanitation, preventive medicine, casualties, acclimatization, clothing protection,
accustomization, psychological factors, fatigue and endurance, food and water
supply, observation of medical facilities and methods used ashore, including
evacuations, etc. In order to make these observations during phase I of the Ice
Operations, prior to the arrival of the R4D aircraft, it is desired that Col. Love
and Major Crozier, listed below, be permitted to live with the shore party, so
that they may experience the actual living conditions on a twenty-four hour basis.
To this end, they are both willing to accept physical assignments to maintain close
contact with working and construction parties who are subjects of their observa-
tions. It is assumed that if such assignments are made, they will be of such
nature as to permit adequate time to make and record observations. Of special
regard to Col. Love and Major Crozier, commuting from the ship daily will inter-
fere with their personal acclimatization and accustomization, thus making poor
observers and, as well, remove them for important hours each day from their
subjects.
(b) After the arrival of the R4D aircraft, Col. Love desires to transfer
his primary interest to subjects of aero-medical nature, while Major Crozier
will continue to have a primary interest in human and medical problems of
shore based personnel,
CHOICE OF LOCATION:
(1) At the airstrip camp.
(2) Self-provided bivouac near the airstrip camp.
(3) Aboard ship.
8 C. Lt. Col. John N. Davis, Inf.:
(a) Primary interest concerns all types of operations to be carried on
ashore, especially landing and tracked vehicles’ performance; obsenations of
Ordnance and Chemical Warfare tests, portable field communication equipment,
and general utilization of manpower and techniques for meeting problems for
operations of the Ice. He will be assisted in observations of performance of
automotive vehicles and transportation problems by C. W. O. Anthony Morency,
Ord., after Mr. Morency’s arrival on the Ross Shelf Ice.
(b) Desires permission (verbally indicated to Task Force Commander)
to make a short flight for the purpose of testing airborne troop type parachutes
in vicinity of the base airstrip. Col. Davis will be assisted and joined in actual
parachute jump by Ist/Sgt. Jack London, USAAF, ATG.
(c) Included in Col. Davis’s field of interests covering observations for
the Army Ground Forces are tests on landing force equipment, BUORD
PROJECT 1 (i) and technique and principles of dog sledging.
CHOICE OF LOCATION:
(1) At airstrip base camp.
(2) At ship
D. Lt. Col. Willis S. Johns, Air Corps:
(a) Primary field of interest is that of communications, including all
aspects generally and many specifically. Some observations will be made
jointly with Mr, Amory Waite, Signal Corps. Because of the nature of the first
phase, being primarily communications between ship and shore, Lt. Col. Johns
can probably best carry out his observations by living aboard ship, with occa-
sional trips ashore.
(b) After arrival of R4D aircraft, Lt. Col. Johns’ primary interest will
shift to communication problems and tests related to the flight operations.
(c) Of special interest are problems of task force organization and per-
sonnel handling, commands, and assignments.
(d) Observations to include general operations of aircraft, including
cold weather techniques of flight preparations, aircraft performance, communi-
cations, and navigation.
CHOICE OF LOCATION:
(1) Aboard ship.
(2) At base camp after arrival of R4D aircraft.
E. Major James H. Holcombe, Air Corps Engineer:
(a) Observe and participate in construction of airstrip and advanced
air base on Ross Shelf Ice. It has been indicated informally that Major Hol-
combe’s services as an air engineer consultant and as an officer to assist in con-
struction of the airstrip may be requested, and to this end he is willing to cooperate
to the fullest extent. This would permit him to be billeted ashore where he can
best observe while helping in his primary field of interest.
(b) Observe tests, performance, and suitability of standard construction
equipment, materials, vehicles, fuels, and lubricants.
(c) Observe cargo handling and unloading.
(d) Determine physical characteristics of possible future air base sites.
9 (e) Observe demolition operations in icefields if such prove necessary,
or are attempted for test purposes. If such procedure is contemplated. Majoi
Holcombe would appreciate being placed on the ship most likely to carry out
this work, providing that such temporary assignment would not interfere with
other observation activities listed above, in order of their importance to this
observer.
CHOICE OF LOCATION:
(1) At airstrip base camp.
(2) Self-provided bivouac near airstrip base camp.
(3) Aboard ship
F. Major Daniel Crazier, M. C.:
(a) Primary observation interests are the same as listed for Col. Love,
with the exception that primary interest concerns ice based personnel.
CHOICE OF LOCATION:
(1) At airstrip base camp.
(2) Self-provided bivouac near airstrip base camp.
(3) Aboard ship.
G. Capt. Charles H. Harrison, Air Corps:
(a) Meteorological observations, analysis, interpretation, and predic-
tions. To this end, it is understood that Capt. Harrison will work in close
coordination with the meteorological program and is willing to assume such
responsibilities as may be assigned to him in this field.
(b) To observe and record physical characteristics of the environ-
ment of Antarctic conditions which produce effects upon man, equipment, and
operations.
CHOICE OF LOCATION:
(1) Aboard ship.
(2) At the airstrip base camp.
H. Capt. Murray A. Wiener, Air Corps:
(a) To observe all aspects of search and rescue operations, including air,
sea, and ice. These observations will include problems concerning communica-
tion and aids, transportation study, to include land and ski-type aircraft, heli-
copters, small boats, over-snow vehicles and utilization of dogs and sleds;
evacuation and care of personnel and casualties, emergency equipment and use
of equipment.
(b) To offer assistance to the Task Force Commander and advice, as
requested, based upon prior experience on above-mentioned subject and experi-
ence gained on former polar expeditions.
(c) To observe and record aspects of clothing protection and general
personnel requirements for operations in Antarctica.
(d) To aid scientific group, when not occupied with higher priority
studies.
CHOICE OF LOCATION:
(1) At airstrip base camp.
(2) Self-provided bivouac near airstrip base camp.
10 (3) With bivouac camp for scientific group.
(4) Aboard ship.
I. Mr. Amory Waite, Signal Corps:
(a) To observe installation, operation, and maintenance of all radio
equipment, particularly as affected by cold weather and Antarctic environmental
conditions.
(b) To observe the same factors in regard to meteorological and photo-
graphic materials and equipment.
(c) To observe generally and specifically the technical performance of
all types of communications, electrical and electronic equipment, batteries, and
items of issue by the Signal Corps, as utilized by the Task Force.
(d) To be available as desired by the Commanding Officer of the Task
Force for advice and assistance on subjects listed above and general problems
concerning Antarctica operations as previously experienced.
(e) In the early phase of the operation, temperatures will not be suffici-
ently low to make most of the desired observations listed above. He has there-
fore offered his services to the scientific group studying the deformation of the
shelf ice. As an alternate to this suggestion, Mr. Waite has suggested he accom-
pany the ship, if approved, which will erect the automatic weather station,
possibly at Coleman Island, to cover observations of meteorological equipment
and communications.
CHOICE OF LOCATION:
(1) Bivouac camp with scientific survey party.
(2) On ship, erecting automatic weather station and resultant shore
party.
(3) At airstrip base camp.
(4) Aboard ship.
J. C. W. 0. Anthony B. Morency, Amphibious Engineers:
(a) To observe all phases automotive equipment and to assist Col.
Davis in general observations of specific interest to U. S. Army Ground Forces.
This is contingent upon his transfer from the U. S. S. Cacapon to the Mount
Olympus and the Central Group.
(b) His services based upon past Antarctic experiences are available as
may be desired by the Task Force Commander.
CHOICE OF LOCATION:
(1) At airstrip base camp.
(2) Aboard Mount Olympus.
K. 1st Sgt. S. A. London, Air Corps:
(a) To assist with observation program concerning search and rescue
listed above under Capt. Wiener.
(b) To assist the program of testing Army type paratroop equipment as
listed above under Col. Davis.
(c) Services available as so desired by Task Force Commander for search
and rescue operations as based upon specific training under the Army Air Trans-
11 port Command for this type of work, including parachuting, trail work, and dog
driving and driving of over-snow vehicles.
(d) When services not required as listed above, Sgt. London is available
to assist scientific party studying deformation of shelf ice.
CHOICE OF LOCATION:
(1) Airstrip base camp.
(2) Self-provided bivouac with scientific party.
(3) Aboard ship.
L, Pvts. J. Shimberg and J. M. Waltersdorf, Signal Corps:
(a) Assigned to Photographic staff of Task Force 68.
(b) To observe performance of photographic equipment and materials
under operating conditions.
(c) Maintain photographic record of subjects in official files of specific
interest to the Army observation program.
CHOICE OF LOG A T10N:
(1) As determined by Chief, Photographic Staff.
(2) Airstrip base camp.
(3) Aboard ship.
M. Mr. Robert L. Davis, Air Corps:
(a) It is anticipated that Mr. Davis will join the Central Group from
the U. S. S. Philippine Sea by accompanying Rear Admiral R. E. Byrd or by
P2V’s. If in the latter case, he will have specific assignment of radar member
of crew under Commander Davies. If in the former case, his interests will be
as follows:
(la) Observation and consultant on all aspects of radar and electronic
equipment.
(lb) Observation on all phases of high latitude aerial navigation,
aerial photography, mapping, and interpretation.
(lc) Observation on all phases of physical research and test performed
by the Task Force.
CHOICE OF LOG A TION:
(1) With aviation detachment at airstrip base camp.
(2) Aboard ship.
PAUL A. SIPLE
Senior War Dept. Representative
12 SECTION III. Narrative Account of Operation
<ITT' 1 ■ //*
Jnignjump
The flagship of the task force, U, S. S.
Mount Olympus, sailed from Norfolk, Virginia,
with the U. S. S. Pine Island, U. S. C. G. C.
Northwind, and U. S. S. Browson on 2 Decem-
ber 1946. The voyage of 5 days to the
Panama Canal was uneventful. Transit of
the Canal was made in the afternoon and
early evening of Saturday, December 7th
and shore leave in Balboa and Panama City
was authorized over the week end. Depar-
ture from the Canal Zone was made Decem-
ber 10th, and the equator was crossed on the
12th. The passage from latitude 40° S. to
Scott Island (near 180° W. longitude and
the Antarctic Circle) was relatively calm
considering the reputation these waters have
for extremely heavy weather. Naval foul
weather gear was issued to all hands at
about 45° S. but was used very little until the
force turned south from Scott Island. Talks
on subjects relating to living and operating
on the Antarctic continent were given to
both officers and men by personnel with
experience on previous Byrd Expeditions.
Training films on a wide variety of medical
subjects were shown in the sick bay to
medical and other interested personnel al-
most every day between the equator and the
Ross Sea.
The first whales were sighted on Christmas
day and the first iceberg the following day at
about 60° S. latitude.
The ports of departure and sailing dates of
task force vessels and necessary refueling
operations precluded all vessels’ making the
trip in their assigned groups. Some vessels
of the Eastern and Western Task Groups
went almost direct to their assigned operating
areas. Others met at Scott Island, and the
final disposition by groups as planned was
made subsequent to this rendezvous. In the
vicinity of Scott Island a refueling operation
was carried out, some personnel and equip-
ment were exchanged between vessels, and
the U. S. G. G, C. Northwind made an ice
reconnaissance to the south. A relatively
open area was found and after a day and a
half at the island the central group turned
southward on December 31st. Extremely
heavy ice pack was encountered on the
second day south of Scott Island. Many
huge bergs of barrier ice were interspersed
among large, closely adjacent floes of thick
bay ice. Virtually no progress was made for
5 days in this area—about 69° S. latitude.
When the pack was finally cleared on De-
cember 14th, 10 days more than planned for
had been expended in reaching the barrier.
The Bay of Whales was reached on the
15th and on that day and the next, small
reconnaissance parties were sent into the
bay on the ice breaker to estimate the land-
ing possibilities and locate a base site. On
the 17th unfavorable wind and ice conditions
for entering the bay prevailed. At about this
time it was thought that operations ashore
would have to be curtailed. First, due to the
width and heaviness of the ice pack—the
most extreme conditions ever reported in
this area—an early freeze-up of the Ross Sea
appeared likely. Second, the flagship and
the two cargo vessels had received varying
degrees of damage in the passage through the
ice. For these reasons a tentative departure
date of 5 February was considered. Having
arrived 10 days later than planned, and with
departure by the end of the first week in
February a possibility, there remained only
3 weeks for unloading, construction of the
base, and shore based air operations. Ac-
*For expanded daily activities, see Chapter 13 "Combined
Observers’ Log."
13 cordingly, the construction of the metal
airstrip was deleted from the plan, although
short sections were to be laid for testing pur-
poses. The R4D aircraft would then fly from
plain ice shelf surface and would all be on
skis throughout the operation.
The flagship entered the bay and tied up
to the ice on January 22nd. Camp con-
struction, including mess facilities was com-
pleted and the camp fully occupied on the
23rd of January. At this time work on the
aviation facilities was accelerated, and by
the 25th the Central Group was ready to
receive the planes from the carrier. Weather
conditions were not satisfactory at both the
Philippine Sea and the Bay of Whales until the
evening of 29 January, when the planes were
called. The first two took off shortly before
midnight and arrived at about 0500 hours on
30 January. The others arrived the same
day around noon. The ice breaker, return-
ing from its rendezvous with the Philippine
Sea, reported much improved ice conditions
in the Ross Sea. Accordingly, it was de-
cided to finish unloading the ships, leave a
200-man air party ashore, escort the ships out
through the pack, and send the ice breaker
U. S. G. G. C. Northwind and U. S. S. Burton
Island (the latter to arrive soon from the States)
back to the bay for subsequent evacuation of
the shore party. This plan had been con-
sidered previously and now appeared feasible
due to improved conditions in the ice pack.
March 1st was set as the latest date for final
evacuation of the shore party aboard the ice
breakers. The ships departed the Bay of
Whales on 6 February.
In the meantime the R4D aircraft were
modified by removal of the wheels to plain
ski (retractable) landing gear, loading plans
were modified in accordance with final oper-
ational requirements, and aircrews made
trial flights, checking out on the modified
landing gear and JATO on plain snow sur-
face. A trail party of seven men in two
LVT’s (“alligators”) was prepared to journey
southeast to approximately longitude 139°
W. and latitude 82° S. to establish a weather
observation point in support of the flights
to be made. This party was out from 12 to
19 February, reaching the Rockefeller Moun-
tains 90 miles from the base camp. At mid-
night on the 13th of February, the weather
had cleared sufficiently to permit extended
flying operations. Several days of clear
weather followed, during which time most of
the major flights were made. Up to 16
February most flights were made with JATO,
but thereafter most were made unassisted
due to improvement in the surface of the
strip. The last major flight took off late on
the 21st and returned the 22nd of Febru-
ary. Operations were discontinued with this
flight and the camp closed on 23rd of Feb-
ruary. The approximately 200 personnel
left were evacuated on the U. S. S. Burton
Island, and the majority of them were trans-
ferred to the flagship after passing through
the ice pack.
On the return journey the vessels of the
task force were routed both separately and
in small groups so that various liberty ports
were visited in Australia, New Zealand, and
South America. The flagship passed through
the Panama Canal on the 6th of April and
arrived at Washington Navy Yard on 14th
of April, completing a voyage of 22,000
miles.
14 CHAPTER 2
ARMY INTEREST IN ANTARCTICA
SECTION I. Historical Comments
Navy Task Force 68 (Operation
“NANOOK”) sailed into northern waters
in the summer of 1946. Basically this opera-
tion permitted a trial of ice breakers and
other types of vessels maneuvering in the
ice floes between Greenland and the Cana-
dian archipelago. This operation served a
useful purpose in addition to personnel
training and tests of equipment. It trans-
ported supplies and aided in the building of
a weather station at Thule, Greenland, and
other weather bases would have been con-
structed in cooperation with the U. S.
Weather Bureau, the Air Forces, and the
Canadian government had not the speed
of negotiations been so slow. At the end
of the summer’s operation (1946) in the
north, it was clear to the Navy that the task
of training and testing its equipment in
ice-filled waters would require a long,
patient period, because of the impending
darkness and treacherous ice-filled seas.
Task Force 68 (“NANOOK”) returned to
the United States in early fall 1946. The
importance of continuing the “NANOOK”
type operations was apparent to the Navy.
It would be nearly 9 months before the Task
Force could again return to the arctic
waters safely. It therefore appeared desir-
able, in the meantime, to utilize these
same ships and partially trained personnel
to carry out a similar operation in other
ice-filled areas. Antarctica, from December
to March, would fit ideally into this program
and permit this same Task Force to return
again to Arctic Seas in July 1947.
It also appeared wise to the Navy to give
its Task Force specific problems to carry out
incidental to its normal polar problems and
operations. These problems form an incen-
tive which is both interesting, and at times
sufficiently difficult to force the Task Force
into conditions which give a battle-worthy
test of equipment. Rear Admiral Richard
E. Byrd conceived of a problem, namely
exploration and scientific investigation of the
world’s least known continent, Antarctica.
Because of his long experience and leadership
in the field of Antarctic exploration, he was
logically selected as a personal representative
of Fleet Admiral Nimitz to serve as officer
in charge of the project designated as
“HIGHJUMP”. The derivation of this
name came from a whimsical change from a
previous code name “POLE VAULT”
which was somewhat too revealing at a
time when the expedition’s plans were in the
classified state ot preparation, thus implying
at the start that flights would be made over
the continent ot Antarctica, including the
South Pole itself. Task Force 68 continued
under its previously organized pattern with
Rear Admiral Richard H. Cruzen in com-
mand under the Commander in Chief of the
Atlantic Fleet. Task Force 68 was inform-
ally discussed as a possible joint Army-Navy
Task Force; however, no formal discussions
concerning the Navy’s Antarctic Operation
were held with the War Department until
after the Navy had decided to keep it strictly
a Navy enterprise. The Navy invited six
Army observers to join the expedition; how-
15 ever, they later agreed that this number of
Army personnel was too small for so large an
operation and the number was increased to a
total of 16. Army assignments included
three lieutenant colonels, two majors, two
captains, one warrant officer, five enlisted
personnel, and three civilian representatives
of the War Department. Four of the enlisted
men were Signal Corps photographers as-
signed to operational duties. Four of the
Army observers were men with previous
Antarctic experience, whose experience had
been gained on previous Byrd Expeditions.
Dr. Siple of the War Department, associate
of Admiral Byrd on all of his previous
Antarctic Expeditions, was asked for by
name to assist the expedition leaders in an
advisory capacity and was further designated
by the War Department as the Senior War
Department representative.
SECTION II. Army Interest
The following points are listed as the
principal reasons why the Army considered
that it had a basic interest in the Navy’s
Antarctic Expedition:
A. National defense requires that the
United States military forces must become
proficient and capable of carrying out war
operations in areas of high latitude, a situa-
tion in which the Army has had little or no
experience. Antarctica is an unpopulated
area with a wide diversity of conditions
which would serve as a suitable proving
ground with unlimited maneuvering areas.
Seasonal timing permits the use of Antarctica
for continuous operations when the Arctic
area is in total darkness.
B. Conditions comparable to those on other
icecaps are represented in Antarctica with
comparatively easy access to the sea. The
use of Antarctica is not complicated seriously
by questions of sovereignty prohibiting re-
search and operations.
G. There is so little known of Antarctica
that incidental scientific investigations car-
ried on by military forces are of a tremendous
value toward unveiling the potentials of a
continent largely opened up in recent years
through the efforts of private United States
citizens, even though no official claim to the
territory by the United States Government
has ever been made. There is no proof,
to date, whether there are or are not mineral
resources in the Antarctic which would be
of value to this Nation. With the exception
of the discovery of the basic mineral coal,
the continent has been so little prospected
that it is reasonable to assume from the
meager geological information gleaned that
mineral deposits in economic quantities
probably do exist there. Although the prime
responsibility of determining the potential
value of Antarctica is not necessarily a
responsibility of the Armed Forces, they
are the best equipped Government agency
to perform such investigations at a minimum
cost incidental to its program of training and
research and development.
D. The isolation of Antarctica would per-
mit greater opportunities for research and
development and testing of long range
military weapons without danger to popu-
lation or interference with the sovereignty
of other nations. It is also sufficiently
isolated to permit reasonable security of
operations, which might not be true of the
Arctic. The principles involved in such
operations could be worked out conveniently
in the Antarctic in cooperation with nations
16 most closely approaching the Antarctic con-
tinent. These nations no doubt would
welcome an international approach to the
scientific unveiling of Antarctica.
E. Although the Arctic Sea is a basin
enclosed by a ring of land masses with a
fenced-in ice pack which is subjected to
melting temperatures in the summer, the
Antarctic continent, by contrast, is roughly
circular, lying mostly within the Antarctic
Circle and surrounded by a reef of ice pack
which breaks up and flows outward in the
summer until it is subjected to melting in
warmer waters. The ice pack character-
istics are therefore not identical, but are
sufficiently similar to promote a study of
maneuvering of ships and other vehicles
through or over the surface which can con-
ceivably figure strongly in the condition
of Arctic warfare.
F. The average temperature for the Ant-
arctic region is considerably lower than for
the Arctic region, so that equipment which
will stand up under the winter conditions
of the Antarctic would generally be satis-
factory for the coldest temperatures and
conditions of the Arctic (actually the coldest
surface temperatures recorded are those in
Subarctic Siberia). The summer period in
Antarctica rarely rises above freezing, which
permits research work to be carried out at low
temperatures under continuous conditions
of daylight, thus permitting more rapid
development than would be possible under
the cold-dark conditions in the Arctic.
Antarctica does not present summer Arctic
conditions comparable to the tundra and
muskeg country; however, in Alaska and
through cooperation with Canada, wide
areas of this nature are available for military
investigation. Because of the difficult ap-
proach to the Arctic icefields, research and
development of military methods of opera-
tions in these areas are greatly inhibited.
The approach to Antarctica is much more
open in this respect despite its greater
distance from the United States.
17 CHAPTER 3
ENGINEER OPERATIONS
SECTION I. Introduction
1. General.
This chapter is an account of Operation
“Highjump” submitted by an observer from
the Office of The Air Engineer who accom-
panied the expedition. It summarizes engi-
neering operations and conditions encoun-
tered, presents problems of special interest
to the Corps of Engineers, and makes
recommendations.
a. The staff work and planning of Bureau
of Yards and Docks was directed by Com-
mander G. O. Reinhardt, U. S. N. (CEC).
They had only 3 months prior to the sailing
date to draw up all plans and specifications,
fabricate special items, organize the Seabee
detachment, and assemble materiel and per-
sonnel at the proper port of embarkation.
b. The Seabee unit was charged with all
construction work, cargo handling and un-
loading, transportation, and messing while
on the barrier ice. A 200-man temporary
tent camp (fig. 3), two Quonset huts, three
Wannigan Huts, three ski runways, and a
PSP test strip were the main items con-
structed or assembled. Snow conditions and
characteristics were studied in relationship
to its supporting power. Even though the
study of snow mechanics has hardly started,
a considerable amount was learned and one
would be safe in stating that the loose granu-
lated snow of the Antarctic can be compacted
within 1 month’s time to carry the load of a
C-47 on wheels without any wearing surface,
such as PSP, on the runway.
c. It was learned on the expedition that
there are three main groups of items or
subjects which should be given considerable
thought and study—they are housing, trans-
portation and construction equipment, and
snow compaction. If the Army is contem-
plating future operations in regions similar
to the Antarctic, further development of
these subjects is a necessity if the operations
are to be successful.
2. Staff Work and Planning
It was not until the first of September 1946
that the Staff Officer from Bureau of Yards
and Docks was able to start organizing
available data and planning for Operation
“Highjump”. About the middle of Septem-
ber the planning got underway on a large
scale and in less than 4 weeks drawings and/or
specifications were ready to leave Washing-
ton, D. C. This meant that all equipment,
other than standard items, had to be fabri-
cated and brought to the ship’s side for
loading in less than 6 weeks. The majority
of this work was performed by the Advanced
Base Depot, Construction Battalion Train-
ing Center, Port Hueneme, California. Other
items such as the c‘Go-devil” sleds were
manufactured by private concerns. Two
hundred and fifty thousand dollars was
allotted by Bureau of Yards and Docks for
all their supplies, labor, materials, pre-
fabrication, etc. The rest of their total cost,
which was approximately five times that
large, was required to come from surplus
property. At the time when the planning
commenced there were no organized con-
struction battalions available. The first of
18 U. S. NAVY DEPARTMENT
ATLANTIC FLEET
TASK FORCE 68
OPERATION HIGHJUMP
1946-1947
200 MAN TENT CAMP
ROSS SHELF ICE
RADM. RICHARD E. BYRD OINC
RADM RICHARD H.CRUZEN TASK FORCE CDR.
27 MARCH, 1947
Figure 3. Map of 200-man tent camp on Ross Shelf Ice.
19 November two officers, one warrant officer,
and approximately 175 men were ordered
to the unit at Port Hueneme, California.
Of the entire enlisted personnel only about
25 or 30 were Seabee personnel; the rest
came from general service organizations and
without construction knowledge other than
that which they would normally receive
while aboard ship. The month of November
was spent organizing the unit, training,
drawing clothing, etc.
3. Responsibilities.
The senior Civil Engineer Corps Officer
(Commander C. O. Reinhardt) was to be
responsible, subject to the military control of
the senior officer present afloat, for all con-
struction ashore and the discharge of cargo
and its transportation from ship’s side to the
base camp. Officers charged with the com-
mand and operation of facilities ashore were
to be responsible for advising Commander
Reinhardt of their requirements and were to
be available for consultation during the
erection of facilities under their jurisdiction.
He was to arrange for additional personnel
from ships present through the Senior Officer
Present afloat.
a. Commander P. D. Davis was to super-
vise all construction ashore and expedite
the erection of facilities in accordance with
the established priority. He was to be re-
sponsible for the distribution of personnel and
equipment assigned to construction and for
supervision of construction. 'He was to be
the Officer in Charge of the Construction
Battalion Detachment and was to have the
following Officers under his supervision: Lt.
V. B. Peller (CEC) U. S. N., Capt. V. D.
Boyd, U. S. M. G. (while working with con-
struction equipment and transportation),
Ens, C. B. Mallory, Chief Warrant Officer
Ulan, and any other officers who might be
attached for construction work, cargo han-
dling, or transportation within the camp area.
b. Lt. V. B. Peller was to coordinate the
unloading of cargo and its movement to a
position of safety at the foot of the barrier.
He was to be responsible for discharging
cargo at the maximum safe rate and for assur-
ing that cargo would be discharged in accord-
ance with the established priority.
c. Capt. V. D. Boyd, U. S. M. C., was to
report to Comdr. C. O. Reinhardt for ad-
ministrative direction and was to be respon-
sible for the operation of all equipment
assigned, and for the movement of supplies
and personnel from the ship’s side to the base
camp.
d. After the first stages of unloading cargo,
Ens. C. B. Mallory and 12 men were to have
the sole assignment of performing such tests
as those which would not normally be run
during construction. These men are not
included in the Seabee unit, but were to
work only for Bureau of Yards and Docks.
e. Chief Warrant Officer Ulan, who has
had considerable experience with construc-
tion equipment, was to be the heavy equip-
ment and transportation expert.
/. Other officers were to be designated to
supervise the storage of materials at the base
camp, to assist in controlling the movement
of supplies from the barrier to the base
camp, and to assist in that construction which
was deemed necessary. These officers were
to be taken from the observer group and were
to be those who were most interested in this
phase of the expedition.
4. Cargo Discharge.
Immediately upon arrival the discharge
of cargo was to have the highest priority.
All personnel not required for the security of
the Task Force were to be assigned to assist
in the discharging of cargo and later in the
construction of the base camp. All construc-
tion and cargo handling was to be on a 24-
hour basis. Personnel required for construc-
tion were to be released from discharging
20 RADM. RICHARD E. BYRD-OINC.
RADM. RICHARD H. CRUZEN TASK FORCE CDR.
27 MARCH 1947
TASK FORCE 68
OPERATION HIGHJUMP
1946-1947
EMERGENCY BASE RADIO
AND
LITTLE AMERICA III
SCALE IN FEET
U. S. NAVY DEPARTMENT
ATLANTIC FLEET
Figure 4. Emergency base radio and Little America ill.
21 5 days, including tents, rations, and fuel, was to be
unloaded and a cache established in a safe place.
b. Priority Two. Ten days’ supply of diesel
fuel and operating supplies for transportation
and construction equipment.
c. Priority Three. Communication equip-
ment for local control of unloading and con-
struction.
d. Priority Four. Materials required for the
erection of a 300-man temporary tent camp,
including 10 days’ supply of fuel for heating
and cooking, 10 days’ rations for 300 men,
and medical supplies.
e. Priority Five. Materials for construction
of air operating facilities, including pierced
plank, one Quonset hut, radio, GCA, GPM2,
15-kw generator, aviation field lights, shop
and maintenance equipment.
/, Priority Six. Five days’ supply of avia-
tion gasoline and operating supplies for air-
craft, gasoline truck, oil truck, fire fighting
equipment.
g. Priority Seven. Initial supplies of diesel
oil, aviation gasoline, rations, and other
operating supplies were to be maintained at
a constant level by daily replacement.
h. Priority Eight. Daily replacement of
shore stores of aviation gasoline, diesel fuel
oil, and other operating supplies to maintain
a safe reserve ashore.
i. Priority Nine. Material and equipment
required to erect a 35-man emergency
winter hut camp.
Note. Base radio and communication equipment
to be discharged as soon as radio hut was erected.
;. Priority Ten. Special gear submitted
for test.
k. Priority Eleven. Rations, fuel, and oper-
ating supplies for 35-man emergency hut
camp for 14 months to be discharged only
in the event that it was necessary to occupy
that camp.
/. Priority Twelve. Duplicate aviation oper-
ating supplies.
Figure 5. Bay of Whales area looking at about 135°
with camp area in background. Mess hall and
motor pool to the right of tents. Base operations
down and a little to left of tents. Beginning of PSP
test strip above the far ship. (24 Jan 47)
cargo as soon as possible. After cargo
priorities 1, 2, and 3 had been discharged
men were to be released in such numbers and
skills as to enable the construction of facilities
to keep pace with the rate of discharge of
materials. Skilled personnel other than Sea-
bees were to be released from both cargo
handling and construction as soon as possible
after facilities were available for any pro-
jected operation.
5. Cargo Discharge Priorities.
Each ship was loaded so that it could be
discharged in accordance with the established
priority for equipment and materials ashore.
All the cargo in the first six priorities was
loaded on the U. S. S. Yancey with priorities
seven through eleven on the U. S. S. Merrick.
a. Priority One. Transportation and cargo
handling materials and equipment (tractors,
fork lifts, sleds, lashing, cargo slings, tarpau-
lins, trail markers, slings, etc.).
Note. As soon as possible after the first sleds were
ashore, an emergency subsistence kit for 25 men for
22 6. Construction Priorities.
The following priorities were assigned to
construction with the assumption that the
two AKA’s and the AGC would be moored
in the Bay of Whales from early January
until all operations had been completed,
first of March, and that communications
and Flight Control would be handled by
the U. S. S. Mount Olympus.
a. Priority One. Construction of an access
roadway from the ship’s side to a place of
safety on top of the barrier, rigging to move
cargo sleds from the ship to the top of the
barrier, establishing an emergency subsistence
facility on top of the barrier, and installing
communications for local control of unload-
ing and construction.
b. Priority Two. Breaking a trail to the
base camp.
c. Priority Three. Erection of 300-man tem-
porary tent camp. The facilities actually
installed were to be sufficient to accommodate
personnel actually ashore and were to be
expanded to the ultimate 300-man camp as
it became necessary to quarter additional
personnel ashore.
d. Priority Four. Installation of air opera-
tion facilities.
(1) Quonset hut for service facilities,
(2) Radio equipment.
(3) Pierced plank landing mat 150 by
5,000 feet, with parking area, fuel dump, and
runway lights.
e. Priority Five. Erection of 35-man emer-
gency winter hut camp.
(1) Radio hut with additional insulation.
(2) Power plant.
(3) Radio antenna.
(4) Galley and mess.
(5) Quarters.
(6) Connecting structures.
(7) Additional insulation in huts.
f. Priority Six. Special facilities for testing
equipment under cold weather conditions,
g. Of the items listed above the most
difficult to be constructed was the runway.
It was planned to first construct a parking
area to determine the best method to use
during this operation. Such materials and
special designed equipment as calcium chlo-
ride, snow drags, snow rollers, oil burners
under a hood (snow melter), and dark
objects (PSP) laid on the surface, were to
be experimented with. After the most feasi-
ble method had been found, and if time and
personnel permitted, a 150 by 5,000 foot
runway was to be constructed to accommo-
date plane wheel loads of at least 60 pounds
per square inch on the tire contact area.
7. Collection of Data.
A large part of the technical and scientific
information which would normally be ob-
tained by an engineering unit should be
gathered from field experience of this unit
in the construction operation. Additional
tests which the Bureau of Yards and Docks
wished to run were as follows:
a. Field Loading Test. Purpose—To esti-
mate the plane wheel load capacity of the
‘‘pavement” which is understood to be either
compacted snow or compacted snow covered
with steel mat.
b. Snow Penetration Test. Purpose—-To de-
termine the supporting power of the com-
pacted snow.
c. Density in Place Test of Compacted Snow.
Purpose—To determine the density of com-
pacted snow at different depths.
d. Field Shearing Tests. Purpose—To de-
termine the in-place shearing resistance of
compacted snow.
e. Tests on Ice and Frozen Materials. Pur-
pose—To determine the bending, shear, and
compression characteristics of compacted
snow and/or ice.
f. Tests on Dry Chemical Fire Extinguishers.
Purpose—To determine suitability of ex-
tinguishers for use in extremely low tem-
peratures.
23 g. Test on “Little Giant Tractor Saw.” Pur-
pose—To determine ability of subject saws
to cut natural ice and snow into blocks.
8. Operations.
a. Due to the heavy ice pack the ships
were not able to get through and start un-
loading until 18 January. The two AKA’s
and the AGG departed from the Bay of
Whales on 6 February which resulted in
their being available for unloading and
assisting the expedition less than 3 weeks
instead of the previously planned 8 or 9
weeks. This necessitated the changing of
unloading priorities to meet changed con-
struction priorities which placed the con-
struction of the 150- by 5,000-foot pierced
steel plank runway last instead of immedi-
ately after the construction of the tent camp.
After inspection of Little America III, it was
decided to enlarge and improve it instead of
constructing an entirely new 35-man emer-
gency winter camp.
b. The operation plans for both loading
and discharge of cargo, and construction of
the base showed a considerable amount of
staff work and gathering of information.
They were well prepared, presented to sub-
ordinates so that they were easily followed,
and flexible enough to cope with the over-all
change in plans of the Central Group.
c. The general construction plans, even
though priorities were changed, were fol-
lowed throughout. Until such time as the
ships left, construction work and unloading
continued on a 24-hour basis, with the men
quartering and messing on the ships which
were moored in the Bay. Until 6 February
the actual working hours were from about
0700 to 1730, with an hour and a half for
the noonday meal for the day shift. The
actual working hours for the night shift were
from about 1830 to 0530 the following day
with 1hours for the midshift meal. The
evening meal on 23 January was the first to
be served in the camp and from this time on
the men working in or near the camp area
ate the midshift meal on the ice.
9. Personnel.
The Bureau of Yards and Docks was rep-
resented by an excellent team of officers
who planned and supervised their work.
The staff was headed by an officer who was
efficient and definitely gifted in that type
of work and in gathering information from
experiments which will be the basis for
Antarctic construction for years to come.
The other was especially qualified and
efficient in the details of field construction
and the handling of personnel. The effi-
ciency with which the project was carried
out reflects the cooperation between those
responsible for its planning and those charged
with its execution. Cdr. Davis was in charge
of the day shift with Lt. Col. Partridge
(U. S. M. C. observer) assisting in caching
of cargo and construction of facilities, and
Lt. Peeler and Ens. Mallory assisting in
unloading cargo and transportation. Cdr.
Reinhardt was in charge of the so-called
night shift with Major Holcombe (U. S. A.
observer) assisting in caching of cargo and
construction of facilities, and Captain Boyd,
U. S. M. G., and Chief W. O. Ulan assisting
in unloading cargo and transportation.
From time to time Capt. Wiener and other
officers helped for short periods.
a. Of the approximately 175 enlisted
men, 15 held a chief’s (master sergeant)
rating, one was in the motor pool, one
similar to the 1st sergeant, one was master-
at-arms, and the other 12 were on camp
construction. The approximate distribution
of personnel, including chiefs, was:
Overhead 3
Cooks and KP’s 24
Repairmen and operators. ... 35
Camp detail 106
24 The camp detail personnel, plus additional
personnel from the ships, did all construction
work on the tent camp, Quonset and Wanni-
gan huts, handling of cargo from the ship’s
side up the barrier, and until it was properly
cached, construction of the 35-man emer-
gency winter camp, construction of the ski
runway, and the test PSP runway.
b. When the ships departed from the Bay
of Whales on 6 February, the following en-
listed personnel were left on the ice:
Cooks and KP’s (24 hrs) 18
Repairmen and operators (24
hrs) 12
Camp detail 16
This camp detail was necessary to finish
construction of connecting tunnels, etc., at
the 35-man emergency camp and maintain
the 200-man tent camp.
c. Even though the majority of the Sea bee
personnel were unskilled in construction
work of this type, their efficiency was very
high considering climatic conditions. It is
believed this was due to their high morale
which was maintained by excellent leader-
ship and abundance of good and well pre-
pared rations, 29 percent over and above the
normal Navy ration.
SECTION II. Construction Equipment
1. Performance of Equipment.
The main items of equipment which were
used lived up to expectations even though
they are by no means the answer for Antarc-
tic work or transportation. They were D-6
Caterpillar tractors, TD-9 International fork
lift tractors, “Go-devil” sleds, QM 1-ton
sleds, Weasels (Cargo Carrier—M29G), the
wooden snow drag, and the pontoon snow
drag. The efficiency of these items depended
upon the hardness and supporting power of
the snow, which was governed by the
temperature and climatic conditions in that
the higher the temperature the softer the
snow became resulting in low efficiency,
whereas the lower the temperature the
harder the snow became, thus raising the
efficiency of track-laying vehicles. Wheeled
vehicles were out of the question and con-
sidered not satisfactory for normal Antarctic
use.
2. Conditions Encountered.
The vehicles on this operation encountered
pressure ridges, shear cracks, crevasses up to
3 feet across, slopes or grades up to 20
degrees, surfaces from those that would
support only a few pounds (2 to 4) per
square inch to sea ice several years old,
temperatures from 30° F. to — 22° F , and
winds up to 38 knots.
3. Tractor, D-6 Caterpillar.
a. This tractor (fig. 6) was modified with
the following: hardwood track extensions
which decreased its bearing pressure from
around 8 to about 5 pounds per square inch;
winterized cabs which protected the opera-
tors from low temperatures and strong winds;
canvas winterized hoods for engine protec-
tion; and track support blocks which re-
placed the support rollers. The extensions
lived up to expectations, even though they
required replacing frequently. A number
would break off at the edge of the grouser
plates. Others would split, this being caused
by the bending of the C washer which was
used in securing the extensions. The cabs
caused no noticeable trouble, but in time
765274—48——3
25 would have shown wear from vibration.
The canvas hood shrank, becoming difficult
to fasten properly. The track support blocks
functioned as expected without giving any
trouble.
b. The tractor as manufactured gave very
little trouble and only minor adjustments
were necessary. All tractors were equipped
with Hyster winches which proved very use-
ful. All the D-6’s were used for the first 2
weeks of the operation. All but three with
extensions and one with a dozer blade were
loaded back aboard ship on 5 February so
that they could be returned to the States.
The efficiency of this tractor was reduced
considerably during high temperatures (20°
to 30° F.) and soft neve. Later on when the
temperature dropped and the surface would
support more, the tractors with extensions
functioned better. The tractors without ex-
tensions operated satisfactorily on the bay
ice even though at times it was hard to obtain
a foothold; on the undisturbed snow at high
temperature, the tractor without extensions
was useless, but did manage to travel across
undisturbed snow when the temperature was
down to about —15° F. The tractor seemed
to hold its footing better while traveling in
reverse, i. e., while pulling heavy loads in a
forward gear, the rear of the tractor often
buried itself; whereas when pulling back-
ward the tendency was not so great. All
tractors either worked or idled 24 hours a
day except for a period each day when they
were being serviced. By the end of the 5-
week period on the ice, the tractor hour me-
ters averaged slightly over 500 hours.
4. Tractor, D--7 Caterpillar.
Only one of these was taken on the expedi-
tion and it was loaded back aboard after
2 weeks to return to the States. While in
the Antarctic, it was used only as an anchor
at the top of the barrier as explained in
section III. No observations were made,
but it is believed it would have performed
very similarly to the D-6 tractor.
5. Carrier, Cargo, M-29 (Weasel).
This item was used without modification
and proved very useful in that it was the
only light piece of transportation on the
ice with the exception of dog teams. It
was used mainly for communications and
to transport personnel. Occasionally small
quantities of supplies were moved when it
became necessary to expedite their move-
ment. The two main difficulties that arose
in the Antarctic that would not arise in
another theatre of operations were—
a. Track stiffness.
b. The difficulty encountered while enter-
ing, operating, or leaving the vehicle.
After the vehicle had stood for some time
it was difficult to start it moving smoothly
Figure 6. Winterized D-6 caterpillar tractor.
26 even though the engine had been idling.
It seemed as though a heavy load was tied
on behind and the engine was lacking
power. After the vehicle had been traveling
for some time it operated much more
efficiently. It is believed this was caused by
the rubber tracks becoming cold and stiff
while standing and then loosening up as they
were used. While in the Antarctic one is
required to wear considerable clothing in
order to remain comfortable. This makes it
difficult to climb in and out of the amphib-
ious Weasel and extremely difficult to
operate with the close quarters around the
steering brake levers, clutch, and accelerator.
6. Forklift (Hughes-Keeman Model TD-
9-T5C).
Modifications for the two International
tractor forklifts were the same as for the D-6
tractors: hardwood track extensions, winter-
ized cabs, winterized engine hood, and track
support blocks. The modifications acted
the same as those for the D-6 tractor. The
main operational difficulty was met as the
machine tried to turn or back around while
moving cargo from the sleds to the cache,
Figure 8. Track extension on D-7 caterpillar tractor,
Figure 9. Wooden snow drag
Figure 7. Escape hatch in winterized cab, D-7
caterpillar tractor.
Figure 10. Package shot (disassembled) wooden snow
drag.
27 which would be only a few feet. The track
under the driving sprockets would often be-
come buried, requiring help to get out. The
operator had to be extremely careful to
avoid disturbing the snow surface. Cargo
handling equipment is extremely valuable
in regions similar to those encountered.
7. Go-Devil Sleds.
This is a specially modified item of which
20 were manufactured by the Michler Sleigh
and Wagon Company, for Operation “High-
jump”. It was the main cargo sled and was
used throughout the stay on the ice, (See
sec. III.) Even though it proved satisfac-
tory, more changes can be made in its design.
The over-all structure seems to be a little
heavy for its pay load. The runner contact
area is small, causing the sleds, when loaded,
to sink with snow piling up in front of the
entire sled. The undercarriage is not de-
signed to keep the sled from becoming buried
in soft snow as is the toboggan undercarriage
of the QM l-ton sled. The side board re-
cesses which were above the floor level of
the sled made it difficult to secure large and
awkward-shaped cargo and boxes.
8. QM 1-Ton Sled.
This sled was very satisfactory and when
used in the manner for which it was designed
gave little or no trouble. It is believed that
a large runner contact area would help in
Antarctic use.
9. Snow Drags.
Two types of drags were tested; the
wooden snow drag, and the pontoon snow
drag. The purpose of the wooden drag was
to level the sastrugi, which it did very satis-
factorily, even though a lighter drag could
have been used to better advantage on soft,
undisturbed, snow. As the snow became
compacted it is possible that an even heavier
one could have been used. The pontoon
Figure 11. Steel snow drag (not used)
Figure 12. Package shot (disassembled) steel snow
drag.
Figure 1 3. Package shot (disassembled) pontoon snow
drag.
28 drag was used to iron out the snow and leave
a smooth finish which definitely expedited
the construction of the three ski runways.
The results with the pontoon drag are very
similar to those with a steel wheeled roller
on earth in that the top inch or two is well
compacted with a “burnish” finish, leaving
the snow farther down relatively undisturbed.
10. Grader, MTZ, with 12-Foot Mold Board
(Adams).
This machine was not unloaded because
it was believed it could not have been towed
to the camp site. If runways are to be con-
structed in areas similar to Antarctica some
type of grading machine will be essential.
11. Snow Surface Heater.
This heater was unloaded, but due to cir-
cumstances beyond control, was not tested.
12. Other Items.
a. The “Cle-track tractor” as used by the
Air Corps to tow planes was taken on the
expedition, but proved unsatisfactory due to
Figure 15. Snow surface heater with extra burners.
Figure 14. Compressor mounted (D-6 caterpillar
tractor) For snow surface heater (40 cfm at 25 lb./
sq. in).
Figure 16. Unloading cargo from ship direct onto
“Go-devil” sled
29 the rubber tracks which caused the same
trouble as did the rubber tracks on the
“Weasel”, plus the fact that they would not
support the hard wooden track extensions.
b. Wheeled vehicles such as truck 2b-,
and 4-ton were unloaded, but are definitely
not suited to the snow surface which will sup-
port only a few pounds per square inch. All
except a couple of Jeeps were reloaded
aboard ships and returned to the States.
SECTION III. Cargo Handling and Unloading
1. Equipment.
a. Standard stevedore equipment was used
to discharge the cargo from the ships onto the
bay ice which floated about 18 inches to 2
feet above the water. This operation was
carried on by the ships’ personnel and with
priorities as requested by Commander Rein-
hardt from day to day or whenever it became
necessary.
b. The “Go-devil” sled was used almost
throughout for transporting supplies and
equipment to the base camp. As D-6 trac-
tors would return to within a hundred feet
of the ship’s side with two or three sleds, a
towline from the ship would pull a sled
alongside, this being practiced so as to
eliminate any danger of excess weight crack-
ing the bay ice. The cargo was loaded
direct from the ships onto the sleds and a
tractor would tow them one at a time about
1 mile to the foot of the barrier. The sleds
were then hooked to a towline’ and pulled
up the barrier slope by a tractor hauling on
a cable, the cable running through snatch
blocks at the top of the barrier. The D-7
tractor with blade was used as an anchor.
From this point the sleds were pulled to the
proper cache by D-6 tractor with track
extensions.
2. Bridges.
a. It was necessary to build two bridges
between the ships and the barrier. One
crossed a pressure ridge while the other
crossed a sheer crack in which the two sides
were moving in opposite directions at a rate
of slightly over 4 feet per day.
b. These two bridges were more or less
of a standard type, the same as would span
any deep crack in soft dirt. The bridges,
being one vehicle wide, were constructed
by placing 8- by 8-inch sills in one case and
40-foot piling in another, across the ridge
or crack. They were then tied together with
Figure 17. Unloading lumber from ship directly onto
“Go-devil” sled (lumber to be used to construct
bridge across cracks in bay ice). Note tractor
staying away from ship's side in order to pevent
danger of cracking edges of ice.
30 cable with approximately 1-foot spaces be-
tween each sill. Three-inch flooring was
well spiked, with treadways of 1-inch dun-
nage going on top. PSP was placed on one
of the bridges but soon became bent, which
necessitated its removal. These bridges
served their purpose and lasted until the ships
departed from the Bay. Later on, about
the last of February, when the time came to
evacuate the camp, the bridge which
crossed the sheer crack required replacing.
During the time of our stay another crack
developed about two-thirds up the barrier
slope, but did not cause any great difficulty.
Only one footbridge and one weasel bridge
were necessary,
3. Caches.
The three main caches were:
a. Near base operations which included all
aircraft parts, equipment, fuel, etc.
b. Near the mess hall and motor pool
which included all Seabee supplies, equip-
ment and fuel, housekeeping equipment,
rations, etc.
c. At Little America III which included
rations, fuel, some construction material and
those other supplies which were to complete
the 35-man emergency camp.
4. Cargo Segregation.
Due to the large amount of cargo which
arrived at the port late and was loaded
aboard the ships during the last few days
before leaving the States, all cargo was not
stowed as set up in the Naval Operation
Plan No. 2-46, which resulted in the segre-
gation of supplies on the ice, causing some-
what of a problem. This problem was
Figure 18. Tamping snow on a bridge with a tractor.
Figure 19. Bridge crossing crack in bay ice (PSP was
put on top of one of the two bridges as wearing
surface).
Figure 20. Tractor without
track extensions towing
“Go-devil” sled loaded
with supplies across bridge
on bay ice. Note bend-
ing of PSP.
31 Figure 21. Damaged PSP on bridge which crossed
crack in bay ice was later removed.
Figure 24. Removing supplies from cache which had
been covered during a blizzard.
Figure 22. Footbridge and weasel bridge crossing
crevasse which developed two-thirds of the way up
barrier slope.
Figure 25. Aviation gasoline tank on skis was used to
refuel R4D’s (D-47’s).
aggravated because of improper or incon-
spicuous markings and the change in plans
which required the ships to leave the Bay of
Whales earlier than originally planned. A
considerable number of man-hours was spent
restacking boxes and looking through dumps
Figure 23. Snowdrifts at aviation gasoline dump after a
blizzard.
32 Figure <26. Bay of Whales Area looking at about 315°. Mess hall and motor pool to left of tents,- base
operations beyond and to right of tents. Roadway leading from tent area to the left leads to Little America
ill (35-man winter emergency camp).
for missing items. Occasionally a sled would
arrive with some of its cargo going to each
of the three dumps, resulting in “tying up”
sleds which were required to transport more
supplies,
a. All fuel, 100-octane gasoline, 72-octane
unleaded gasoline, aviation oil, motor oil,
Diesel fuel, and kerosene were shipped in
55-gallon drums, which were clearly marked.
The aviation fuel and oil was cached half-
way between base operations and the tent
camp in piles of about 100 drums each with
765274—48—4
33 the piles being about 100 feet on center.
The other main fuel cache, which was south-
west of the tent camp and near the motor
pool, was stored in the same manner.
b. The smaller planes, OY (L-5) and JA
(Norseman), taxied in between the piles for
refueling. The gas for the R4D’s (C-47)
was pumped from the drums into a tank sled
and pulled by a D-6 tractor to the planes for
refueling.
c. All fuels were standard, the same as
would be used on any cold weather operation
within the continental United States, except
the Diesel fuel which had a —40° F. pour
point. Specifications USA 2-102, C AM 3,
NGS X-4205.
SECTION IV. Buildings and Shelters
1. Temporary Tent Camp.
The first construction to take place on the
barrier was the erection of a 200-man
temporary tent camp (figs. 27, 28, and 29).
Fifty pyramidal tents were erected to house
personnel, four officers or five men per tent,
and were arranged in five rows, tents being
approximately 40 feet on center and the
rows 200 feet apart with the kitchen and
mess hall being about 300 feet,on the exten-
sion of the first row. Eleven other tents were
erected around camp mostly at base opera-
tions and were of the same type construction.
a. At the time the tent camp was being
erected the temperature was only slightly
below freezing and the surface would hardly
support the weight of a man on foot. Quite
often an individual would sink down to his
ankles, and if he stepped into an already
disturbed area he would often go in up to
his knees. For this reason, care was taken
not to disturb that area which the tent
would occupy.
h. Eighteen pieces of 2- by 6-inch lumber
12 feet long came bundled together so that
one bundle would furnish the sills for one
tent. The 2- by 6-inch pieces were scabbed
together and placed flat on the snow so that
there were nine 24-foot members lying ap-
proximately 2 feet on center. After the first
few tents this was changed to five sills
lying 4 feet on center which were scabbed
together with the remaining 2- by 6-inch
pieces instead of 1-inch lumber.
c. All floors had been prefabricated into
4- by 8-foot sections and bound together so
that one bundle made a complete floor.
Figure 27, Tent camp area looking at about 315°.
Latrines are between tent rows,- GPN lower right.
Mess hall area to left of first row of tents; above
mess hall area is Seabee cache area. Just beyond
tents is aviation gas dump. In upper right corner
of picture is base operations area and aviation
supply cache.
34 Figure 28. Tent camp area looking east. Motor pool, gasoline, and Diesel dump in foreground.
The bundles for the 17- by 20-foot wall tents
were the only ones that varied in number of
floor sections in that they contained ten
instead of the standard eight. These floor
sections were placed so that the joists sup-
porting the plywood flooring ran perpen-
dicular to the sills and were 2 feet on center.
Each section of flooring contained a loose
2- by 4-inch piece, 8 feet long which was
nailed on to the joist so that it extended out
4 feet beyond the floor’s edge for outriggers,
furnishing an anchor for the tent ropes.
The tent was erected in the normal fashion
with a tent stove being installed and ready
for use. As is normal in any tent camp,
inside frames, plywood doors of various
types, etc., were added by the occupants.
Some went further and put in ceilings and
inside walls; anything to help as insulation
and to make home more comfortable.
d. The tent camp was adequate in this
case and would be for any other operation of
this kind, provided it is to be only for a very
short period and will not encounter tempera-
tures lower than from 0° F. to —10° F.
2. Kitchen and Mess Hall.
a. The kitchen and mess hall (fig. 32) were
made up of three 17- by 20-foot wall tents,
one pyramidal tent, and one 16- by 50-foot
35 hospital tent all tied together. They were
constructed in the same manner as were the
living quarters with the exception that inside
framework and doors were constructed by
Seabee personnel.
b. As one entered the pyramidal tent he
picked up his metal tray and silverware,
passed through the chow line at the far end
of the tent where the field ranges were
arranged in a line perpendicular to the line
Figure 29. Officers’ row. Note snowdrifts which hove blown in between each tent/ note also that each tent
has a different type entrance which was built by occupants.
Figure 30. Floor panel bundles (one bundle was
required per pyramidal tent).
Figure 31. Assembling pyramidal tent floors. Note
piles in background. Each is the required material
for one pyramidal tent.
36 Figure 32. Erecting mess hall and kitchen tents
Figure 33. Detail refueling tent camp. Average
pyramidal tent used 8.3 gallons per day.
OPERATION HIGHJUMP 1946-1947
ADVANCE BASE CAMP ROSS SHELF ICE
GALLEY AND MESS HALL
Figure 34. Advance base camp, Ross Shelf Ice: galley and mess hall.
of entry, and on to the mess hall (men to the
hospital tent on right, officers to the wall
tent on the left). The actual kitchen reached
from the back of the pyramidal tent (chow
line) to the end of the first wall tent. The
second wall tent, still farther back, sheltered
a store or break-out room. About one-
third of the officers’ wall tent was used as a
37 range storage and repair room. The mess
gear washing was done at the far end of the
hospital tent. This construction and ar-
rangement worked very satisfactorily.
3. Headquarters Building.
There was really no headquarters building
for the base camp. The Seabees used a tool
tent at first and later moved their tools, etc.,
to the motor pool tent. The standard
Quonset hut (fig. 41) at base operations,
which was erected with a little more diffi-
culty than were the tents, carried on more
administrative work in one of its corners than
did the rest of the whole camp.
4. Quonset Huts.
a. The huts were also erected while tem-
peratures were slightly less than freezing,
which caused quite a problem in leveling and
squaring the floor frame. In order to aid in
this operation, 1-inch dunnage was first laid
on about 2-foot centers and perpendicular to
the 2- by 10-inch and 4- by 4-inch sills which
went on top. After the floor frame (fig. 42)
Figure 35. Mess hall and kitchen.
Figure 36. Garbage pit in snow which was at far end
of mess hall. All kitchen waste was dumped in this
hole, which grew deeper as it was used.
Figure 37. Digging hole for frozen food storage.
Note snow being sawed into blocks for easier
handling.
38 Figure 38. Framework for frozen food storage house
Figure 39. Storing food in frozen food storage house.
Figure 40. Tarpaulin being pulled over framework of
frozen food storage house. It was weighted down by
putting dunnage and snow blocks on top
Figure 41, Quonset hut floor at base operations just
after a blizzard.
had been assembled, it was trued by the use
of an engineer’s chain and level, which took
about four times as long as it would have
under normal conditions. The other major
difficulty in the erection was that the small
nuts, bolts, and plates required bare hands
to put into place. With the exception of
these two difficulties, the latter hardly being
an exception, the work progressed the same
as it would have during any operation with
the same temperature and wind conditions.
The only difference between this hut and
the standard Quonset hut is that there were
two %-inch plywood floors which were sep-
arated by 1-inch dunnage furring. Shortly
after the hut had been completed a bliz-
zard arose causing snow to blow in at the
joint between the bulkhead and the cor-
rugated sheet metal, leaving the snow lodged
between the inner masonite wall and the
outer corrugated sheets. Later heat from
the inside of the building melted the snow
causing the masonite to become wet and fall
out of place. This incident could hardly be
called a fault in the building design but
should be credited to faulty construction.
39 Figure 42. Floor frame assembly for Quonset hut.
Note near left corner metal sills are resting on 4-
by 4-inch members, which are resting on 2- by
10-inch pieces, which are resting on and perpendicu-
lar to floating dunnage foundation.
Figure 43. Quonset hut at base operations under con-
struction. Note inside wall of Quonset hut at
far end, outside corrugated sheets on left end and
insulation which goes between the two surfaces
being applied in the middle of the building.
b. A double hut 20 by 96 feet was erected
at Little America III in very much the same
fashion and encountering the same difficul-
ties. This hut enlarged the old base so as to
make it adequate if it became necessary to
leave a party through the winter night. It
had the following additions over and above a
standard Quonset:
(1) Double bulkheads approximately 4
feet apart.
(2) Double “Kima!” insulation between
inner and outer walls.
(3) Double floors, 3 inches apart, and so
constructed that air circulated between them.
(4) Waterproof paper and %-inch Celotex
which was inside and separated from the
metal outside wall by a dead air space.
Once erected, it is suitable for Antarctic and
Arctic use, but the difficulty encountered in
constructing it warrants a different design.
5. Wannigan Huts.
Three prefabricated Wannigan huts having
about 6-inch walls and inside dimensions of
approximately 7 by 14 by 7 feet high with a
door at one end, were taken on the expedition
Figure 44, Looking southwest. Excavation for con-
necting tunnel leading from double Quonset hut in
background to Little America III, which is beneath
the photographer who took the picture.
40 Figure 45. Southwest end of double Quonset hut at
Little America III (35-man winter camp) showing es-
cape hatch, short connecting tunnel, and generator
house on right end.
Figure 46. Inside of Quonset hut at Little America
III. Note gap in floor on right side so that warm air
can circulate to the left and come up through cracks
in center of floor (cracks not visible).
to be used as sled houses to transport men to
and from the airstrip so they might have a
place to warm themselves while drinking
their midshift coffee. Instead, the six sec-
tions—two ends, two sides, one sled bottom,
and a top—were bolted together without
much difficulty and used as quarters for the
three ranking officers. This type of structure
is suitable for Antarctic and Arctic use.
6. Construction Time Required.
The construction of the 200-man tent
camp required approximately 1,200 man-
hours, the single Quonset hut at base
operations required approximately 600 man-
hours; and the double Quonset at Little
America III required approximately 1,400
man-hours.
SECTION V. Utilities
1. Water.
Water requirements for the kitchen and
mess hall were furnished by snow melters.
Water for personal cleanliness, washing of
clothes, etc., was obtained by the individuals
concerned by using a bucket or large can and
his own tent stove. The snow melters were
protected on a wood floor with a tarpaulin
windbreaker which was located about 100
feet east and to the rear of the kitchen and
adjacent to an area which had been marked
off with flags and maintained free from
contamination (figs. 47, 48, and 49).
a. During the first couple of weeks, two
Aeroil No. 98 Steam Thawing Units were
used as melters, the steam lines were in-
serted into a full G. I. can of snow and as the
snow melted it was replenished until there
was obtained a full 32 gallons of water.
When the units were functioning properly
it required from 10 to 15 minutes, depending
upon the temperature, to produce 32 gallons
of water. The heat for these melters was
furnished by a gas generator type burner
which used kerosene and did not prove to be
entirely satisfactory, the main trouble being
41 merits. The G. I. cans were maintained about
one-third full of hot water. As snow was
added and became water, it was dipped out
and poured into a covered container which,
when full, was carried by hand to the kitchen.
This operation was carried on by two men
using four heaters who started to work at
about 8:00 a. m. and by 3:00 p. m. (no
time out for lunch) had obtained 14 or 15
32-gallon G. I. cans of water (448 to 480
gallons), the kitchen and mess hall require-
ments for 200 men (2.2 to 2.4 gal. per man
per day).
c. The snow which was porous and had a
specific gravity of about 0,35 at the top, was
usually cut into blocks and carried less than
100 feet to the melters which were on the
downwind side. Apparently, this snow had
no mineral content and was free from harm-
ful bacteria. The water was not chlorinated
or treated in any way. Occasionally soot
was found to be floating on the top of water
cans, but did not hinder the production of
potable water.
2. Waste Disposal.
Sanitation in the Antarctic where snow is
extremely deep presents no problem so long
as waste is not disposed of in snow melting
areas.
a. Three latrines for the men and one for
officers were suitably located throughout the
camp. They were housed within 16- by
16-foot pyramidal tents and built similar to
the ones for living quarters, with the boxes
forming a U next to the back and two side
walls. Urinals were not furnished and as a
result conditions in front of tents became
unsightly.
b. Garbage was disposed of by dumping it
into a hole which was started by pouring hot
dishwater onto the snow. All kitchen waste
was disposed of in this hole, which was about
3 by 2 feet and became deeper the more it
was used.
Figure 47. Pontoon snow melter which was designed to
be used at 35-man emergency winter camp. Note
exhaust from internal combustion engine furnishes
heat for melter.
Figure 48. Inside snow melting shelter. Behind steam
is Aeroil No. 98 Steam Thawing Unit. Man on
left is holding steam pipe in G. I. can partly full of
snow; man on right is pumping air into tank for
burner which is bottom of steam thawing unit.
that it required considerable time to start
the burners, especially in lower temperatures,
and they required an excess of maintenance.
b. Army field immersion type heaters
were used the majority of the time while on
the ice and functioned properly without any
mentionable trouble other than requiring
a longer time to produce the water require-
42 3. Heat.
Two types of heaters were used to heat the
tent camp. Each pyramidal tent was equip-
ped with one Army tent stove, Model 1941,
and the standard oil burner, the mess hall
and Quonset huts used 60,000-B. t. u. space
heaters most of which were manufactured by
The American Gas Machine Company,
Albert Lea, Minnesota. Housing facilities
remained comfortable at all times, except
that the tents during high winds with low
temperatures were uncomfortable even
though the stoves were red hot. This was
no hardship. Heating on Operation “High-
jump” was adequate.
a. In order to reduce fire hazard, Diesel
fuel instead of gasoline was used throughout
and worked satisfactorily even though some
of the stoves smoked at times. In case of
the tent stoves, cleaning became necessary in
about one-third of the cases. The average
fuel consumption was about 8.2 gallons per
day per tent stove and 125 gallons per day
for the kitchen and mess hall (one tent stove,
three 60,000-B. t. u. space heaters, and about
seven kitchen ranges).
b. Standard hand type 15-pound C02 fire
extinguishers were used throughout without
any noticeable difficulties. They were dis-
tributed throughout the tent area so that
one extinguisher served three tents, six or
seven were around the kitchen as well as
on the crash fire fighting sled. Others were
placed around dumps and such places where
they might be needed. No serious fires re-
sulted although a number of tent poles
became scored, with a couple of them
collapsing.
4. Electricity.
The kitchen and mess hall were supplied
electricity by two 5-kw., 120-v., single-phase
generators driven by Wisconsin air-cooled
motors which were housed in a tarpaulin
.shack beside the kitchen. The generators
Figure 49. Package shot (disassembled) snow melter.
Figure 50. Two 5-kw. generators which were used for
lighting kitchen and mess hall. Note they are resting
on the base for a tarpaulin which was later erected.
ran alternately in about 6-hour shifts and
worked very satisfactorily. With the excep-
tion of those tents which required electricity
for special projects, no power was furnished
within the tent area. Most occupants of
tents modified their quarters with one or
two plastic windows or skylights which pro-
vided enough light for normal use.
a. It was originally planned to use two
75-kw. generators at the 3 5-man emergency
winter camp, which was reconstructed at
Little America III. Instead two, 25-kw.,
200- to 400-volt, 3-phase, GM generators,
43 Model 1-398 driven by 1,200 r. p. m. GM
Diesel engines Model 3016 were installed
and until date of departure furnished power
for the high frequency radios. These genera-
tors were moved from the ship to the sites
while still in the heavily constructed box-
type house.
h. It was not planned to use these gen-
erators on the expedition other than to fur-
nish power for six large reefers (675 cu. ft.
each) which were constructed on the deck
of the U. S. S. Merrick in order to furnish
more cold storage space while en route to
Antarctica.
SECTION VI. Airstrips and Snow Tests
1. Airstrip.
An airstrip, as originally planned, was not
constructed, although three ski runways
were prepared as well as a 150- by 350-foot
plus 45- by 455-foot pierced steel plank test
strip. The R4D (C-47) planes operated off
the ski runways very successfully and with
less drag than normally would be encoun-
tered with tires on concrete.
2. PSP Test Strip.
a. The PSP test strip (figs. 51, 52, 53, 54, and
55) was laid in the following sequence:
23 Jan
24 Jan Laid 150 by 75 feet of PSP on undis-
turbed snow.
25 Jan Laid 150 by 75 feet of PSP on burlap
which was on undisturbed snow.
Laid 150 by 75 feet of burlap on un-
disturbed snow.
1 Feb
3 Feb
150 by 250 feet, 2 rounds with D-6 and
snow drag over area where burlap
had been.
Laid 150 by 40 feet of PSP on partially
compacted snow.
Detail of about 15 men started breaking
open bundles and established center
line.
Night shift started 1830 and finished
0530 on the 25th.
Inspection of mat at 2200 hours revealed
that PSP on undisturbed snow settled
about 1 % inches, whereas mat on
burlap did not settle. Most settling
took place between 1030 and 1430,
while sun was out, with light winds.
Later inspection revealed no more
settling.
Started to remove 150- by 75-foot section
of burlap.
Removed burlap.
44 5 Feb Laid 150 by 160 feet of PSP on partially
and compacted snow.
6 Feb
17 Feb 150 by 800 feet, 2 rounds with snow drag
and D-6; 1 round with pontoon draa:
and D-6.
18 Feb 150 by 800 feet, 1 round with pontoon
drag and D-6.
Laid 40 by 180 feet of PSP on partially
compacted snow.
19 Feb Laid 40 by 275 feet of PSP on partially
compacted snow.
20 Feb Removed snow from 150- by 350-foot
strip
Runway extension had about 2 rounds
with snow drag and 1 round with
pontoon drag
High was —8° F. witli 16-knot wind,
7 men for 2){ hours! 114 sq. ft.
13 men for 3){ hours [man-hour
14 men for 6 hours equals 130 sq.
ft./man-hour.
Fork lift with 3-inch lumber as a dozer
pushed the snow to the sides.
b. The first 150 linear feet were laid about
25 January when temperatures were rela-
tively high (25° to 30° F.) and the following
difficulties were encountered:
(1) The small clips were difficult to handle
in cold weather with gloves or mittens.
(2) Care had to be taken not to disturb
the surface when the mat was to be placed
(same as for construction of camp).
(3) The time required to carry each panel
by hand from the runway shoulders to its
final position was doubled, which was due
to the soft neve. This work was performed
mostly by the U. D. T. and ships’ personnel
who had no previous training in this type of
work. Later this mat required a dozer (for
lift with 3-inch lumber as blade) to remove
snow drifts which were caused by miscel-
laneous bundles and odd pieces of PSP that
were left within that area.
c. When the 40- by 455-foot section was
laid on partially compacted snow the only
difficulty encountered was the handling of
the small clips, temperatures being about
— 10° F. with winds up to 16 knots. This
Figure 51. Laying PSP on burlap which was laid on
undisturbed snow.
work was performed by about 13 Seabees
from the motor pool whose morale was very
high. During the 2-day period approxi-
mately 125 square feet per man per hour were
laid.
45 Figure 52. Junction of PSP direct on undisturbed snow (left) and PSP on burlap which is on undisturbed snow on
right. Twelve hours after junction was laid, mat on left had settled from IV2 to inches while mat on right
did not settle at all.
3. Ski Runways.
The three ski runways were arranged more
or less as an equilateral triangle, all work
being performed by equipment, with no
hand labor. The 4 days of construction for
runway No. 1 (100 by 4,500 feet) started
during the evening of 13 February and con-
sisted of the following;
Runway No. 1 {fig. 58)
13 Feb 1 round, D-6 tractor pulling heavy
drag.
13 Feb 1 round, D-6 tractor only.
1 round, D-6 tractor pulling light
drag.
1 round, D-6 tractor pulling T-7
section of pontoon drag.
14 Feb 1 round, D-6 tractor pulling light
drag.
1 round, D-6 tractor pulling pon-
toon drag. (7% short tons, incl. 2
bdls. PSP).
15 Feb 1 round, D-6 tractor pulling pon-
toon drag (a. m.).
46 15 Feb 1 round, D-6 tractor pulling light
drag (p. m.).
16 Feb 1 round, D-6 tractor pulling pon-
toon drag (a. m.).
17 Feb 1 round, D-6 tractor pulling drag
(far end only).
1 round, D-6 tractor pulling pon-
toon drag (far end only).
The average temperature during this period
was — 10°F. with winds at about 12 knots.
Even after the first evening of work the sur-
face furnished an adequate runway for skis.
By 23 February this strip would almost sup-
port an R4D (C-47) on wheels. Runways
Nos. 2 and 3 were constructed alike in that
their 2-day construction period started 15
Figure 53. Same junction as in figure 52, showing that
difference in elevation at this point is 2V2 inches.
Figure 54. Cylindrical snow pillars were left standing
from 1 V2 to 2V2 inches high as PSP, which had been
laid direct on undisturbed snow, settled. They
could be kicked over or scraped off very easily.
Mat apparently did not settle any more after the
first 36-hour period.
Figure 55. PSP test strip after a blizzard. Note drifts
which were caused by bundles and odd pieces of
mat left within area. This shows the runway areas
must be policed as work progresses.
Figure 56. Tractor pulling pontoon drag on ski runway
47 Figure 58. Ski runway No. 1 running east and west.
Picture was made before ski runways Nos. 2 and 3
were constructed.
Figure 57. Track left after R4D (C-47), with wheels,
had been towed from PSP test strip to ski runway
No. 1. Tracks were almost waist deep in places.
Figure 59. OY (L-5) taking off from PSP test strip.
Note that very little snow is blown up by the
propeller.
Figure 60. OY (L-5) stuck in newly compacted snow
at end of PSP test strip.
February and consisted of only the following:
1 round with a D-6 tractor pulling a wooden
snow drag, and 2 rounds with a D -6 tractor
pulling the pontoon drag. These were sat-
isfactory for skis.
4. Taxi, Take-Off, and Landing Tests.
a. OT {Army L-5 on PSP, Subbase Partially
Compacted, 20 Feb 47, -10° F., Wind 11 Knots.
(1) Several landings and take-offs were
made from the 40- by 455-foot end as well
as taxiing on part of the 150-foot wide end.
From all appearances no failure occurred.
It is believed the weight was being carried
by the mat instead of the snow base; there-
fore, very little or nothing was learned.
The props seemed to kick up very little snow
from beneath the mat, although a little loose
snow which was on top was blown back.
(2) The plane taxied out over freshly com-
pacted snow (2 rounds with D-6 tractor
pulling snow drag, 1 round with D-6
tractor pulling pontoon drag) which, due
to the surface failure, took considerable
48 power. When the plane tried to turn,
one wheel went down and help was required
to start plane moving again.
b. OT {Army L—5) on Ski-Runway No. 7, 20
Feb 47, +10°F, Wind 7 7 Knots. Several land-
ings and take-offs were made with quite a
bit of taxiing. With one exception no dam-
age was noted. The surface acted the same
as any prepared surface would be expected
to act, except that tires could easily be
skidded by applying brakes. Once for dem-
onstration purposes, the plane taxied back
and forth with one wheel skidding about
80 percent of the time. The damage noted
was on the first landing. As one of the tires
touched the snow, it broke the surface,
leaving a strip the tire’s width, about 10
feet long and 1 to 2 inches deep, of loose
Figure 61. OY (L-5) taxiing on ski runway No. 1
Figure 62. R4D (C-47) taxiing on PSP test strip.
Note that very little snow is blown up by the
propellers.
Figure 63. Indentations up to 2 inches left in PSP after
R4D (C-47) taxied on test strip (PSP laid on
undisturbed snow).
Figure 64. R4D (C-47) stuck in partially compacted
snow as it left PSP test strip. Fifty inches of mercury
on both engines would not move plane. Note
that no snow is blowing back as propellers rotate at
high velocity.
49 granulated snow that could be raked out by
hand. The snow beneath this was still com-
pacted and no breaking through was noted.
Apparently compacted snow will not stand
abrasion. The tire pressure during these
tests was 13 pounds per square inch and the
total weight of the plane was about 2,100
pounds.
c. R4D (C-47) 19,000 to 20,000 Pounds on
PSP Test Strip, 22 Feb 47, T10°F., Wind 5
Knots. (1) The plane taxied over the entire
PSP test section. The mat which was laid
on the burlap had the greatest failure. In
places it was bent up to 2 or 3 inches. The
mat which was placed on partially compacted
snow bent to about 1 or 2 inches. This
should show that, in this particular case,
the tan and loosely knitted burlap acted as an
insulator rather than a conductor, therefore
losing the qualities which it was hoped it
might possess. Had the burlap been canvas
similar to that of tents, the results might have
been slightly different, but it is still believed
that best results would be obtained without
using any material between the PSP and the
snow. It was interesting to note that very
little snow was picked up or blown out of
place by the prop blast, even while both en-
gines were pulling 50 inches of mercury.
This also leads one to believe that no ma-
terial similar to burlap is needed beneath
the mat. It was also noted the tires had a
tendency to skid easily where the mat was
partially covered with snow.
(2) After taxiing on the PSP had been
completed the plane tried taxiing off the end
of the mat test strip and onto the partially
compacted snow, but without success. The
plane immediately sank about three-fourths
of the way to the hub. Fifty inches of mer-
cury on both engines would not move the
plane. Later on during the night two D-6
tractors towed the plane over undisturbed
snow to ski runway No. 1. This was accom-
plished in the same manner that a plane
would be dragged through any muddy held.
At one time one of the wheels went down to
the point that loose snow, which piled up in
front of the wheel, touched the oil cooler at
the bottom of the cowling.
d. R4D (C-47) on Ski Runway No. 7, 23 Feb.
47, +7° F., Wind 4 Knots. (1) The plane
taxied about 100 feet before the left wheel
went down. In trying to get out, the plane
made about a 300-degree turn with the wheel
going down to the hub. At times while
Figure 65. R4D (C-47) tracks on ski runway No. 1
which show that it was not evenly compacted.
Figure 66. R4D (C-47) wheel after plane became stuck
and had turned about 300°, using left wheel as
pivot.
50 Figure 67. R4D (C-47) taxiing on main camp road leading to mess hall. No failure whatsoever was noted in
surface.
Figure 68. Plane taxied into close quarters. Men
pushing it backward while engines still running
shows that there is very little drag between tires and
surface.
Figure 69. Chocks were required to keep R4D (C-47)
from rolling down main roadway, which had very
little slope. This shows that there is very little
friction between tires and surface.
51 taxiing the wheels would appear to ride on
top, then one would break through and after
running the engines up would come back on
top. The surface definitely failed, but one
could see that the minimum compaction for
this type plane had almost been reached.
(2) During the noonday meal hour, the
plane was towed over a connecting road to
the mess hall road.
e. R4D {C-47) on Mess Hall Road, 2J Feb.
47, +7° FWind 4 Knots. (1) The mess hall
road was part of the main camp road leading
from the ships to the camp and had traffic
continuously from 18 January through 23
February. The traffic consisted of every
piece of equipment on the expedition, and
no artificial compacting was done. There
were occasional rounds with the snow drag
which aided in keeping the area level.
(2) The plane was taxied up and down the
roadway without showing any signs of failure
whatsoever. The only markings or tracks
left were formed by the tire tread and the
loose snow which was on the surface. Twice
the plane taxied in too close to the flagpole
and was easily pushed back around by eight
or ten men.
Figure 70. Plane with ski landing gear leaves from ski
runway No. 1 for long mission.
Figure 71. Ski track left by R4D on ski runway No. 1
Tracks are not usually this distinct.
Figure 72. Ski track as R4D (C-47) left ski runway
No. 1. Note difference in track depth on runway
and on shoulder.
Figure 73. Tracks on ski runway No. 1 left by a Jeep
as it started from a halt.
52 'igure 74. R4D (C-47) with skis, parked on plywood
covered with Diesel oil to prevent skis from freezing
to surface.
Figure 75. Removing
snow sample for den-
sity measurements.
5. Snow Tests.
a. In-place density measurements, Proctor
needle tests, and field load test were made on
the following areas:
(1) Undistributed snow.
(2) Mess hall roadway.
(3) Snow after PSP had been removed.
(4) Ski runways Nos. 1 and 2.
During the short period on the snow, condi-
tions varied from a soft sandlike consistency
53 with hardly any supporting power (while
temperatures were near freezing) to a dense
hard crust which would allow a D-6 tractor
to travel without track extensions (tempera-
ture being near —10° F.). Due to circum-
stances beyond control, controlled tests were
not started until the first part of February;
therefore, no data was obtained during the
warmer days.
b. The density measurements were made
by weighing a carefully measured block of
snow sawed from the neve. Successive seg-
ments, 1 to 3 inches thick, were sawed from
the block as it sat on the scale. The residue
was again weighed and measured and the
reduction in weight and volume was used to
calculate the density of the segment which
had been removed. When crusts were ob-
served in a specimen, segments were cut so
that one segment was composed entirely of
the crust. It was found that compaction
went to a depth of about 20 inches and that
immediately after compaction the surface
would not have the supporting power that
it would after it had had a couple of days to
freeze into place. Facilities were not avail-
able to make a microscopic study of the
crystal arrangement, but it is the belief of
the observer that the original grains of snow
were broken down into smaller ones and
compressed and vibrated into place, leaving
a more dense surface.
c. In order to compare density measure-
ments, the results of different tests were cal-
culated and the value used in plotting specific
gravity against depth. The average specific
gravities for undisturbed snow, partially
compacted snow (ski runways Nos. 1 and 3),
DEPTH BELOW SURFACE IN INCHES
UNDISTURBED SNOW (NEVE)
9 FEB. 1947, TEMP. 11° F.
ROADWAY IN CAMP
8 FEB. 1947, TEMP. 19°F
ROADWAY IN CAMP
8 FEB, 1947, TEMP. 19° F.
PREPARED RUNWAY NO. 1
16 FEB. 1947, TEMP.-10°F.
PREPARED RUNWAY NO. 3
15 FEB. 1947, TEMP.-12°F.—
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Figure 76. Comparison of density measurements
54 DEPTH BELOW SURFACE IN INCHES
UNDISTURBED SNOW
22 FEB. 1947, TEMP. 11° F.
16 FEB. 1947, TEMP. 11° F,
9 FEB. 1947, TEMP. 11° F.
USAS OBSERVATIONS 1940
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Figure 77. Further comparisons of density measurements.
55 and the mess hall road were used in plotting
a graph.
d. Insufficient data was obtained to de-
termine the degree of correlation between
the bearing power indicated by the load
applied to the small area under the Proctor
needle bearing plate and the actual bearing
power of the snow surface under working
conditions, but it did indicate that a tech-
nique could be developed to utilize the
Proctor needle to determine the uniformity
of the results of any compacting operations
and the relative bearing power of the snow.
e. Direct loads were applied to the snow
by means of hydraulic jack using a D-6
caterpillar tractor to supply the load. The
load was measured by means of a pressure
Figure 78. Truing specimen for density measurement.
figure 79. Weighing carefully measured specimen for
density measurement.
Figure 80. Running Proctor needle tests on snow after
PSP had been removed.
Figure 81. Field loading test
using 50-ton jack and D-6
caterpillar tractor on snow
after PSP had been removed.
56 gage. Knowing the pressure and the area calculated. The following table is a com-
of the base of the jack (72.07 sq. in.), the parison of load supporting power, Proctor
unit load in pounds per square inch was needle pressure, and density measurements.
Proctor needle
Specific gravity
Load
Location
Lbs./sq. in.
Ratio
SP
Rat.o
Lbs.
Lbs./sq. in.
Ratio
Undisturbed
27
1
0.332
1.0
1,300
18
1
Under PSP without burlap. . .
55
2
0.335
1 .Ox
2,000
25
1.4
Under PSP without burlap. . .
49
2
0.335
1,0x
2,000
25
1.4
Ski runway No. 3
257
10
0 396
1 2
Ski runway No. 1
855
35
0.432
1.3
*4,300
60
3.3
Mess hall road
1,905
70
0.469
1.4
13,000
180
10
Note. Reasonable average va
lues, utilizing all
available data.
*C-47 wheel load calculated
as 60 Ib./sq. in.
over base area of jack (72.07 sq. in.).
SECTION VII. Recommendations
1. General.
The recommendations herein are based on
assumption that an Army engineer aviation
battalion would be given relatively the same
task with the same period of time as was
originally planned (24 hours per day for 8
weeks). In many instances the recommen-
dations will be in line with that which was
practiced on this expedition. Others, of
course, will be from experience gained by
officers, men, and observers while carrying
out the mission.
2. Staff Work and Planning.
a. It is recommended that planning be
started far enough in advance to allow
fabrication of special items and shipment, so
that each unit will have ample time to
familiarize itself with the items with which
they are to work.
b. The unit chosen for the operation
should be a well organized and experienced
one.
c. It is recommended that the staff officer
who is responsible for the planning be a
member of the expedition. He will be able
to note his own mistakes, and pass on to
others to follow, more complete information
as to how future operations should be planned.
d. Plans should be flexible so that if at any
time the over-all plan is changed, the
operation could proceed uninterrupted.
e. A large amount of extra small tools,
such as hammers, saws, wrenches, etc.,
should be taken since they become lost or
misplaced very easily in the soft snow.
/. An extra amount of plywood, 2- by fl-
inch, and 1-inch lumber should be taken,
since additions must always be made.
3. Construction Equipment.
The most essential item for Antarctic work
is specialized construction and transporta-
tion equipment. A certain amount was
learned during the short 4-week period on the
ice and it is felt that some of the answers were
obtained, but there is still far more to be
learned. No one or two pieces of equipment
will answer all purposes. Each piece will
vary in design depending upon the job it has
to do. Some of the purposes for which equip-
ment must be designed are as follows:
765274—48 5
57 a. A heavy duty tractor or prime mover
capable of pulling large quantities of supplies
on sleds over great distances. The tractor
should have living accommodations for its
crew and should have a fuel capacity to carry
it long distances.
b. A tractor similar to the ones used on this
expedition which would be used in and
around camp and on hauls for relatively
short distances should be designed with
following modifications:
(1) The power unit should need no changes
other than a winterized hood.
(2) A cab that will protect the operator
from low temperature and high winds.
(3) Tracks with a maximum unit bearing
pressure of 3 pounds per square inch.
(4) Long tracks in order to prevent rough
riding while going over the sastrugi as well as
to aid in going over small cracks and cre-
vasses.
(5) Attachable grouser plates, or some-
thing to give the tractor a foothold while
working on ice,
(6) Winches on tractors are highly desir-
able.
(7) Correct the tendency of the tractor to
mire itself while pulling heavy loads, possibly
by moving the center of gravity forward.
c. Some type of light, fast-moving trans-
portation suitable for transporting small
numbers of personnel, etc., as the truck,
%-ton 4x4. It should have sufficient room
to allow the operator to function properly
while wearing bulky clothes and it should be
easy to enter and leave. A winch on the
front would be desirable.
d. Some type of cargo handling equip-
ment, similar to a crane is most desirable.
It is believed that a tractor crane would have
been more suitable than was the forklift
in that it would not be required to move
around as much while unloading cargo.
The 5-ton crane (Byer’s Model 65), taken
on this expedition, or one of its type would
not be suitable in that the center of gravity
is too high and there would have been a great
danger of its tipping over in the soft snow.
e. It is believed that compaction equip-
ment will necessitate a complete change in
design. It is felt that the tractor with the
combination of weight and vibration did
90 percent of the compacting on the expe-
dition. Various types of rollers were not
used enough to determine their usefulness,
but the consensus is that they act similarly
to the way they would while rolling washed
gravel or sand. Some type of equipment
mounted on tracks will vibrate the granulat-
ed particles of snow into place, and after
given time, the particles will freeze into
position giving the desired results. Thought
might be directed to something along the
lines of a wagon, dirt or rock, bottom-dump,
with a built-in vibrator and flat top so that
weight could be added as the surface be-
comes more compact. Something on the
order of a combined pontoon drag and snow
surface heater should be considered, but not
for compaction in depth.
/. Grading equipment will be necessary
if airfields are to be built for extensive use
by heavy planes. Several things have been
Figure 82. Open snow roller.
58 Figure 83. Modified sheepsfoot roller (not used).
Figure 84. Closed snow roller which proved
unsatisfactory.
discussed such as a towed grader mounted
on skis instead of wheels, and motorized
graders 4x4 with large dual tires front and
rear. The skis would have the disadvantage
of side slippage, and attachable skis would
have to be furnished the motorized grader
to transport the machine to the compacted
surface where it is to work. Personally, the
observer would like to try the latter. Due
to the belief that it would be easier to grade a
runway after it is partially compacted it is
felt that the motorized grader would be
more satisfactory even if assistance had to
be given by a tractor towing for the first
few gradings. Once the surface became hard
(before ready for planes) the grader could
work as it normally would as well as travel
back and forth to the motor pool under its
own power.
g. The main suggestion on the sleds is
that the runner contact area be increased
so that when fully loaded there will be a
unit bearing pressure of from 2 to 3 pounds
per square inch. This, of course, will present
a problem in that the larger the runner
area the harder it will freeze in when left
standing, A runner might be designed for
a higher unit bearing pressure so that shoes
could be attached which would bring the
unit bearing pressure down to that which is
desired during high temperature when the
neve is quite soft. The QM 1-ton sled,
which is definitely a good one, could be
supplied with a tarpaulin similar to those
on trucks so that while transporting personnel
they would be protected from wind and snow
which is kicked up by the weasel or towing
vehicle. The “Go-devil” sled, as used on
this expedition, could be redesigned with a
toboggan undercarriage so that, when mired,
snow would not pile up in front. The
side-board recess could be lowered in order
to allow large and awkward-shaped cargo
and boxes to rest flat on the bed.
4. Cargo Handling and Unloading.
a. Each unit should definitely check all
items prior to leaving its home base or port.
As before an invasion during the war years,
the unit should assure itself that all items
are present and that the boxes and crates
have been properly and conspicuously
marked with some color or symbol.
b. Ships should be loaded in accordance
with an established priority and with each
unit’s supplies together, in order that one
59 permanent or semipermanent building in
regions similar to those in the Antarctic.
This design should provide the following:
(1) Rapid and easy assembly, possibly with
clamps or some type of fastener other than
small items such as nails and bolts which are
hard to manipulate while wearing gloves or
mittens.
(2) Maximum insulation, yet the panels
should be light enough to allow three or
four men to handle with ease.
(3) Panels or sections of such size and
weight for minimum shipping weight and
cubage.
(4) Floating foundations.
(5) Double floors with air circulation
between the two.
(6) Plenty of headroom in order to allow
for double bunks.
(7) Skylights or windows to provide light
until such time as they become covered with
snow.
Figure 85. When camp was evacuated caches were
left well marked with high poles and identification
on top so that they may be found if needed for later
expeditions.
group may be unloaded without disturbing
the others.
c. Men and officers should be transported
on the same ships as their supplies and equip-
ment.
d. During the first stages of the operation
each unit should cache its own supplies; that
is, engineer troops should unload their own
supplies as they arrive at the camp site, air
corps personnel should unload their supplies,
etc., for all branches of the service and their
units. Within each unit it would be advis-
able for cooks and KP’s to cache their own
kitchen supplies, mechanics unload their
supplies, etc. This would familiarize each
person with location of his supplies and how
they are stored.
5. Buildings and Structures.
a. It is thought that the temporary camp
construction could possibly have been a little
more complete, even though it furnished
adequate shelter. Inside framework and
doors could have been erected by the Sea-
bees which would in turn save individuals
from taking time off to construct on their own.
b. It is recommended that some new type
of prefabricated building be designed for
Figure 86. Early stages of crevasse in barrier slope
Later it became about 5 feet wide in places.
60 water could be continuously circulating to
prevent freezing. For large or more per-
manent types, heat could be supplied from
the exhaust of an internal combustion engine
as was planned for in the 35-man emergency
winter camp.
As a morale factor and for convenience
it would be advisable to furnish electric
lights to all tents and buildings.
7. Airstrips and Snow Tests.
The following recommendation for con-
struction of an airstrip is by no means the
cheapest or most expedient, but is a method
which it is known will supply the needs.
Future research and study of snow char-
acteristics will undoubtedly develop tech-
niques of construction which will enable
units to prepare surfaces in less time and to
carry heavier loads. The method suggested
would probably not be carried out in its
entirety, but would change as construction
progressed, depending upon knowledge
gained during this period.
a. Suppose the specifications called for one
runway 100 by 5,000 feet to accommodate
C-47 type planes 1 month after starting date
and heavier type planes later. Two areas
side by side 500 by 7,000 feet each could be
compacted by the use of tractors and drags
running back and forth over the surface as
was the method in compacting the ski run-
ways. If a track laying type compactor
were available it would aid considerably.
In about 1 month the center 100 feet of these
strips would be compacted to its maximum
density, specific gravity of about 0.65 to 0.70
at the surface down to about 0.40 or 0.45 at
20 inches below the surface. It would be
ready for C-47 type aircraft. The object of
having two runways would be that while
one was being used the other could be main-
tained and worked for heavier type planes.
The runways would then be strengthened by
dozing snow from the ditch lines onto the
100-foot center strip and compacting in the
Figure 87. Looking up from down in a crevasse.
Cracks such as these are obstacles which may be
encountered.
(8) Strength to withstand winds up to 100
m. p. h., and snow and ice pressure which
will be from the sides as well as from the top.
c. If possible it would be advisable par-
tially to compact the construction area be-
fore erecting any buildings or even tents.
This would enable the working parties to
move around with greater ease, afford
better footings for building, as well as
keeping the construction area level.
6. Utilities.
a. Water supply is the only utility which
requires serious thought. The area from
which snow is to be taken should definitely
be on the windward side of the entire camp
area and must remain a restricted area so
that it will not become contaminated. Some
type of semiportable snow melter is needed.
It should be designed so that the water will
be maintained at a given level. The water
from the time the snow enters the hopper
until it is ready for use should be in closed
containers and changed from the melter to
storage tank through pipes in which the
61 Figure £8 Crevasses such as these are encountered in the Antarctic.
same manner. After this operation had been
accomplished two or three times the run-
ways should be capable of carrying the C-54
type aircraft.
b. Total construction time for this opera-
tion should take approximately 6 weeks. Due
to surface winds and snow the ditch lines
would become filled by drifts affording addi-
tional material which could be dozed up on-
to the 100-foot center strip. It is thought
that eventually the depth of compaction
would become great enough to afford ade-
quate bearing pressure for larger aircraft in
the heavy bomber type group. The reason
for compacting the 200-foot shoulders on
both sides of the runways at beginning of
construction is that the undisturbed neve will
not otherwise support construction equip-
ment. Due to the fact that after compaction
the snow requires a period in which to re-
freeze it might be well to bear in mind that
doubling the construction force does not
necessarily mean cutting construction time in
half.
62 c. Prefabricated landing mat should be
available, even though it would not be
planned to use it, due to the fact that once
it is in place the depth of compaction could
hardly be increased. It would also afford
quite a problem in keeping the runway clean
after blizzards, in that snow piles would ac-
cumulate on each side of the runway which
would cause drifts to grow larger the more
the strip is cleaned. Even though a runway
without a mat surface might show wear and
become damaged during heavy operations
it is believed that maintenance would be a
relatively simple proposition.
d. At this particular stage it is felt that the
most important thing in connection with
runway construction in regions similar to the
Antarctic is that more experimental work be
carried on similar to that which was carried
on during Operation “Highjump.” The
snow should be studied by constructing run-
ways and performing such tests as those per-
formed and planned to be performed on this
operation.
e. For more detailed information on this
operation, it is suggested that the Navy’s
BuDocks report on the operation “High-
jump” be studied.
63 CHAPTER 4
TRANSPORTATION
SECTION I. Introduction
1. Plans and Objectives.
The plans and objectives of Operation
“Flighjump” in the field of Transportation
are set forth in paragraph III-B, Annex “J”,
Commander Task Force 68, Operation Plan
No. 2-46, Projects:
(1) Performance and tests of powered
vehicles under Antarctic conditions.
2. Scope.
a. At the end of the shore based operations
on the Antarctic Continent, the personnel
who actually operated and maintained the
motor vehicles used there returned to the
United States in a different ship than that
which carried the Army observers; hence, con-
siderable valuable data which should logi-
cally be contained in this chapter are not now
available, but will undoubtedly be included
in the final reports of Task Force 68.
b. The time spent in the shore based phase
was so short that it scarcely constituted a
proper performance test for the vehicles con-
cerned. The vehicles were placed ashore
commencing about 18 January 1947, and
final evacuation of the base camp was com-
pleted on 23 February 1947, a period of only
36 days.
3. Vehicles.
Powered vehicles placed ashore at the Bay
of Whales for operational use and testing
were as follows:
a. Wheeled vehicles:
8 Trucks, %-ton, 4x4 (Jeep).
4 Trucks, 2%-ton, 6x6.
1 Truck, 1%-ton, 4x2.
b. Amphibious vehicles:
8 Cargo carriers, M29C (Weasel).
2 Landing vehicles, tracked.
c. Tractors:
10 Tractors, D-6.
1 Tractor, D-7.
2 Tractors, TD-9-6G (Fingerlift).
3 Tractors, MC-1 (Cle-track).
Note. The vehicles listed in a, b, and c above were
all new vehicles.
d. The following drawn conveyances were
used and are considered in this report:
20 sleds, 10-ton (Go-devil).
8 sleds, Army, 1-ton.
3 trailers, tank, 800-gallon capacity, mounted
on skis.
e. Also included were the following dogs
and dog sleds:
27 dogs and 4 dog sleds.
4. Unloading Vehicles.
The ships moored direct to the bay ice in
the Bay of Whales, and all vehicles were
unloaded direct onto the ice in the conven-
tional manner by cargo slings.
5. Surface Conditions Encountered.
a. The bay ice in the Bay of Whales was
covered by hard packed snow (neve) varying
in thickness up to 18 inches. There were
two tide cracks or crevasses in the bay ice
which had to be crossed. These tide cracks
64 were several feet wide and the interval was
choked with pressure ice; the pressure ice in
places was piled up 12 to 15 feet high over
the tide cracks. These cracks were bridged
for safety. Bulldozers pushed away the sur-
plus pressure ice and the bridges were con-
structed of planking, pierced planks (airfield
matting) and other available materials.
These bridges had to be constantly main-
tained because of the heavy traffic over them
and because of movement of the ice at the
tide cracks. At the site selected for the as-
cent of the barrier, the barrier was about
70 feet high and sloped down to the bay ice
at an angle of 20 degrees from horizontal.
This slope was about 200 feet long (fig. 89).
The slope consisted of hard packed, drifted
snow, covered with soft snow. On this
barrier incline there were later discovered two
crevasses, originally only about 2 feet wide
but later opening up to about 5 feet. In-
itially these crevasses had been covered by a
natural snow bridge which gave way under
the pounding of heavy traffic.
b. The top of the barrier was covered
with neve snow which was considerably
softer than that found on the bay ice. The
surface in some places was smooth; in others
it was crossed by ridges and hard snow
(sastrugi) varying in height from 5 inches
Figure 89. D-6 in reverse towing working party up barrier incline on five Army sleds.
765274—48 6
65 to several feet. The spacing and height of
these ridges varied from day to day. The
surface texture, bearing power, and other
physical characteristics of the neve vary
with temperature, wind, sun, and other
climatic influences; thus, conditions of opera-
tions may change within a few hours. The
general surface contours of the Ross Ice
Barrier in the vicinity of the Bay of Whales
are quite gradual; slopes of over 10 to 15
degrees are rare. The surface of the barrier
contains many crevasses up to 10 feet wide
and wider. These crevasses frequently are
covered by a bridge of crusted snow which
will give way under a heavy vehicle. Of
the vehicles considered in this report only
the LVT’s participated in an overland trail
operation. Ability to cross crevasses must
always be considered for a vehicle designed
for Antarctic operations.
6. Wheeled Vehicles.
No wheeled vehicles were able to operate
efficiently ashore. All had to be towed
from shipside to motor park. The larger
trucks were never able to operate, although
the Jeeps were able to operate to a limited
degree on well packed areas when equipped
with heavy chains on all four wheels. The
Jeeps were so unreliable, however, from a
transportation standpoint that they were
useless. The snow acted very much like
soft sand, causing the wheels to dig out great
holes when power was applied. Four of the
Jeeps were equipped with power generator
units and were finally towed to the top of the
barrier and used as power generators for the
air operations office. Wheeled vehicles of
conventional type are entirely unsatisfactory
for personnel or cargo carrying purposes in
the Antarctic.
SECTION II. Cargo Carrier, M29C
1. General.*
a. No trials were run in water, the Weasels
operating exclusively on snow and ice
throughout the operation. They were used
as liaison vehicles and for towing the 1-ton
Army (QM) sled. They were in almost con-
tinuous operation and turned in a very
creditable performance. They towed the
Army sled with a 1 -ton load of cargo or per-
sonnel with ease on the bay ice, up the bar-
rier incline, and on top of the barrier itself.
The principal complaint against the Weasel
was that there were not enough of them.
Eight Weasels could scarcely perform all the
tasks desired of them. The demand for
Weasels was never satisfied during the oper-
ation.
b. The following table shows the total
number of miles of operation by each Weasel
for the period 19 January 1947 to 23 Febru-
ary 1947:
Weasel No. Mileage
1 1,464
2 1,099
3 1,201
4 1,571
5 Lost in crevasse—figures not available.
6 38—Front suspension damaged and track
broken shortly after landing. Never
repaired or replaced.
7 1,464
8 1,027
2. Method of Use.
Init'ally Weasels were assigned to various
individuals or departments for use. There
were, however, more interested agencies than
there were Weasels. This resulted in a
*See TM 9—772 for general description and technical data
concerning Cargo Carrier, M29C.
66 Figure 90. Weasel in trouble in soft snow.
Figure 91. Weasel comes in handy for photographic
work.
Figure 92. Weasel advertising cancer drive. Note
QM 1-ton sled in rear.
Figure 93. Photographic Weasel on airstrip. Note how
tracks conform to irregularities of surface.
bottleneck on these vehicles and controversy
over the priority of the projects concerned.
About 27 January 1947 the Weasels were
placed in a common pool operated by the
motor maintenance officer. Thereafter all
requests for Weasels were handled by a dis-
patcher, who, by coordinating individual
requests, was able to maintain a much more
efficient use of the vehicles. A scheduled
“run” was instituted on a 30-minute basis
between the ships, the base camp, and the
airstrip. This greatly relieved the strain and
operated as accommodation to observers,
civilian scientists, correspondents, and other
casuals. One exception to this arrangement
was in the case of the Weasel permanently
assigned to the camp surgeon. This Weasel
remained on call at the air operations office
near which the surgeon’s headquarters was
located. This vehicle and an Army sled
were used as an emergency ambulance and
crash truck (fig. 94). The equipment in-
cluded fire fighting equipment, stretchers,
and other first aid and medical gear. This
Weasel was the only one equipped with a
radio. 3. Tracks.
All Weasels were equipped with the con-
ventional track. These tracks proved quite
satisfactory in most respects. The only time
a Weasel was deadlined because of track
failure was in the case of one which was
broken. However, it was noted that when
a Weasel was parked on a rutted or uneven
surface, wrinkles or ridges in the rubber
belts would appear as the tracks conformed
to the irregularities of the surface. After one
or two hours in the same position, these
wrinkles or ridges tended to stiffen in that
position. It was feared that a break in the
steel cables embedded in the rubber belts
might occur if the vehicles were driven off
immediately. It was therefore deemed ad-
visable to move the Weasel a few feet
forward and backward, repeating this move-
ment several times until the wrinkles or
ridges were ironed out. Further study into
the possibility of cable breakage from these
conditions is recommended. If such break-
age might result, the feasibility of individual
block type tracks with connectors might be
investigated.
4. Serviceability and Performance.
a. Of the eight Weasels placed ashore on
or about 19 January 1947, six were service-
able and in operation when the base camp
was evacuated on 23 February 1947. As
stated previously, No. 6 was disabled after
38 miles of operation by a broken track and
a damaged support tube and carrier arm,
resulting from a collision. As no spare parts
were available this vehicle remained out of
operation. No. 5 Weasel was lost in a tide
crack, or crevasse, in the bay ice on 15
February 1947. After the cargo ships de-
parted on 6 February the bridges were not
maintained and soon became unuseable due
to ice movement. The driver of No. 5
Weasel attempted to cross one of these
crevasses near the bridge site. As the Weasel
passed over the crevasse the pressure ice
between the edges of the crevasse gave way
and permitted the vehicle to drop into the
water. For some reason the drain plugs had
never been installed and the hull began to
fill with water. Every effort was made to
save the Weasel. Water was bailed out of
the hull, planks and empty gas drums were
lashed to the sides and eventually a tractor
arrived at the scene. When the tractor
arrived a cable was attached to the capstan
of the Weasel and an attempt was made to
drag the Weasel onto the bay ice This
attempt failed when the capstan tore loose.
The towing pintle could not be used be-
cause by the time the tractor arrived the
hull was almost full of water and the towing
pintle was out of reach. Shortly thereafter
the Weasel sank in over 200 fathoms of
water. It is recommended that drain plugs
be installed in all Weasels which have
occasion to travel on bay ice.
b. Two Weasels were temporarily disabled
by damaged transmissions during the first 10
days ashore. In one case a tooth was broken
from the low range gear. A new tooth was
built up by welding and filed as near to size
as possible. This enabled the vehicle to
resume operation to a limited degree; how-
Figure 94. Weasel and 1-ton Army sled used at
airfield as combination ambulance and crash
truck. Note fire extinguishers.
68 ever, the transmission could be shifted into
low range gear only with difficulty, so to
prevent further damage to this gear a lug
was welded to the axle transmission lever in
such manner that the transmission could not
be shifted into low gear range. Thereafter
the vehicle was limited to high range only.
In the other case of a damaged transmission,
the nature of the damage is not known,
other than it rendered the vehicle inopera-
tive. It was reliably reported that this trans-
mission was replaced by the transmission of
No. 6 Weasel (with the broken track). In
any case the Weasel was placed back in
operation.
5. Transmissions.
As stated in the paragraph above, two
Weasels were disabled by damaged trans-
missions although both were repaired or re-
placed quickly and placed back in operation.
The general opinion of most individuals who
worked with the Weasel is that it has a weak
transmission. However, when operated by
a trained driver it appears the transmission
seems to perform satisfactorily. Weasels on
the operation were frequently driven by
amateur drivers with little or no previous
experience. It is possible that the two
damaged transmissions were caused by inex-
perienced drivers placing undue strain on
the transmissions by selection of wrong gear
range, clashing the gears in shifting, or
“jerky” take-offs.
6. Speed.
Weasels operated at speeds up to an
estimated 15 miles per hour both on the
well packed roads and on the open snow
of the bay ice and the barrier. It was a
common tendency to drive the Weasel too
fast, the speed being regulated more or less
by the comfort of the driver and passengers.
It is recommended that 10 miles per hour
be considered as the maximum speed con-
sistent with smooth operation. Beyond that
speed the vehicle has a tendency to bob up
and down quite forcibly from the axis of
the drive sprockets. During this motion the
rear part of the tracks maintains a more or
less constant contact with the snow while
the forward part of the tracks rises off the
snow from a few inches to more than a foot.
This “down buck” results in jolting the
passengers and a jerking motion to a towed
sled. It seems logical to assume that addi-
tional strain is also placed on the tracks,
track suspension, and power drive. It was
observed that this “down buck” was more
pronounced on uneven surfaces. Actually,
there are no absolutely level surfaces in the
Antarctic; even though a surface appears
to be perfectly flat to the naked eye it is
usually full of minor dips and swells. It is
believed that the intermittent strain caused
by high speeds over uneven surfaces causes
a torque component to be built up which
definitely aggravates the normal bobbing
motion imparted to the vehicle in passing
over these uneven surfaces. It is possible
that if the drive sprockets were in front
rather than in rear a smoother operation of
this vehicle could be obtained. The feasi-
bility of front drive should be investigated.
7. Engine.
There was no ignition trouble, no carbure-
tor trouble, and no trouble with engine
starting. S. A. E. 10 oil was used in the
crankcase. Sixty percent prestone was used
in the cooling system. The electrical system
functioned normally. No differential failures
were encountered.
8. Feasibility of Use in Prolonged Opera-
tions.
No prolonged trips were made with the
Weasels. The longest trip was to Little
America I (1929), a distance of approxi-
mately 12 miles. However, observations of
the vehicle in operation indicate that it
might be feasible for use in extended oper-
69 a dons, limited only by fuel, oil, maintenance
supplies, and extremely unfavorable terrain,
especially wide crevasses.
9. Drivers.
There were regularly assigned drivers for
each Weasel from the Seabee detachment.
These drivers had had previous experience
and were reasonably well trained. Flowever,
quite frequently the Weasels would be oper-
ated by individuals who had little or no
previous experience. The performance of
Weasels chauffeured by the regularly assigned
drivers was much superior to that when
chauffeured by amateurs. The chief char-
acteristics of amateur driving were jerking
the vehicle in starting off, selection of im-
proper gears and driving range, a tendency
to drive too fast and “lugging” the engine.
10. Observations.
Several observations were made concerning
possible modification of the Weasel:
a. The high sides of the hull resulting from
its amphibious feature make it rather difficult
for driver and passengers to enter and leave
the vehicle. If the amphibious feature can
be considered unnecessary for operation on
the Antarctic mainland, a portion of the hull
could be cut out and doors installed.
b. Present side curtains provide scant
visibility to the occupants. The feasibility
of a rigid cab with glass or plexiglass windows
should be investigated.
c. None of the Weasels were equipped with
defrosters for the windshield. Frost did not
form on the windshield except when the side
curtains were tightly fastened. For pro-
longed trips in extremely low temperatures
requiring the side curtains to be closely se-
cured for warmth, a windshield defrosting
unit is indicated.
d. When traveling at moderate to high
speeds, the tracks kick snow very forcibly
over the towed sled. This is a most uncom-
fortable sensation for personnel riding on the
sled. The feasibility of some type of guard
over the rear of the tracks to prevent this
from occurring might be investigated.
e. The driver was definitely handicapped
by the narrow space between the right
steering brake lever and the engine cover.
With heavy clothes and shoes it was very
difficult to reach the foot throttle and the
driver’s leg was pinched by the steering
brake. This space should be made wider to
accommodate the bulkiness of Antarctic
footgear.
11. Conclusion.
The Weasel proved to be a most satisfactory
vehicle for operation on the Ross Ice Barrier.
The expedition could have efficiently used
more of these vehicles. The four chief fail-
ures of these vehicles, i. e., one broken track,
one vehicle lost in a crevasse, and two
damaged transmissions, cannot be directly
attributed to inherent weakness in the vehicle.
SECTION III. Tractors
1. General.
Tractors were the mainstay of the shore
based phase of the operation as far as trans-
portation was concerned. Over 3,000 tons
of cargo were moved from the ships to the
airstrip, the base camp, and the 35-man
emergency camp. The great bulk of this
cargo was hauled by tractors. Except for
the Cle-tracks, all tractors were found to
perform with reasonable efficiency under all
conditions encountered.
70 2. Fingerlifts (Figs. 95, 96, 97, and 98).
The two fingerlifts were so seldom used as
transportation in the sense of towing drawn
conveyances that they are considered in this
report only from the standpoint of their
performance under prevailing conditions
in view of their similarity in many respects
to the D-6 and D-7 tractors. The finger-
lifts were equipped with wooden track ex-
tensions and operated most efficiently both
on the bay ice and on the barrier. They
were extremely valuable in unloading cargo
from sleds at the various caches. The
fingerlifts were too light for some of the heavy
loads they had to handle. The tracks on
both fingerlifts became slightly sprung due
to bending of the bogie and idler shafts.
This was probably due to leverage exerted
by the track extensions when heavy loads
were lifted. Both fingerlifts continued opera-
ting throughout the operation.
Figure 95. Fingerlift distributing pierced plank on the
airfield.
Figure 96. Load of lumber and tarpaulins on fingerlift.
Figure 97. Fingerlift digging out pierced plank buried
in snow.
Figure 98. Laying out cache with fingerlift,
71 3. D 7 Tractor.
The D-7 Tractor would probably have
turned in a much more creditable perform-
ance than it did, had it been given a proper
trial. Its chief contribution to the trans-
portation cause was in being used as an
anchor or “deadman” (fig. 99) at the top
of the barrier. The bulldozer blade was
dropped and forced into the snow and two
large timbers were thrust into the snow to
assist in firmly anchoring the tractor. To
the firmly anchored tractor were attached
two snatch blocks. By means of a 1,200-
foot length of cable operating through the
snatch blocks a D-6 tractor at the base of
the barrier was able to tow loaded sleds up
the face of the barrier incline (fig. 101).
The D-7 tractor was used as a “deadman” at
the top of the barrier from 20 January 1947
until the cargo-hauling from the ships was
completed on 6 February 1947, when it
was evacuated. The wooden track exten-
sions provided for the D-7 were 60 inches
long (fig. 102). Although not given a
thorough test it was considered that these
extensions were longer than necessary.
4. D 6 Tractor.
The 10 D-6 tractors were the work horses
of the entire shore based operation, and from
the transportation standpoint they were
responsible for the success of the operation.
5. Winterization.
All the tractors had been winterized at
Port Hueneme, California, prior to embarka-
tion. This winterization included enclosing
the driver’s compartment in a cab, covering
the hood and radiator with sailcloth, 60
percent prestone in the radiator, and winter
oil (Naval equivalent of S. A. E. 10). In
anticipation of traction difficulties in the
snow, wooden track extensions were prepared
for installation after the landing in Ant-
artica (fig. 102).
Figure 99. D-7 as "dcadman’’ for hauling loaded sleds
up barrier.
Figure 100. Looking down barrier incline. Tractor
on bay ice is towing loaded sled up barrier w ith
cable towing device.
Figure 101. D-6 in reverse towing Norseman plane up
the barrier.
72 6. Cab.
The driver’s cab was a wooden frame and
top with safety plate glass puttied in in front
and with plexiglass bolted in on the sides
and rear. The door opened on the left side.
The door was rather poorly made, especially
the latch, which failed to hold the door
closed until field expedients were utilized.
The cab provided ample vision for the driver.
Very little difficulty was experienced with
glass frosting over but occasionally visibility
would be lessened by snow or sleet. The
plexiglass on the sides and rear would fre-
quently tear loose from the bolts which
secured it. An escape hatch 2 feet square
was built into the top of the cab. All in all
the cabs were satisfactory. Certainly a cab
of some type is needed for Antarctic opera-
tions.
7. Track Extensions.
All tractors could operate efficiently on the
bay ice without track extensions, although
occasionally one would stick from turning too
sharply or in starting a heavy load (fig. 104).
Tractors which operated exclusively on the
Figure 103. Parked tractors. Note broken and missing
track extensions.
bay ice were therefore not equipped with
track extensions. They were able to tow
two Go-devil sleds each carrying 3 or 4 tons
of cargo with ease.
a. In general, none of the tractors could
operate on top of the barrier without track
extensions. The snow on the barrier was
much softer and deeper than on the bay ice.
After track extensions were installed a D-6
tractor could tow three Go-devil sleds each
carrying 4% tons of cargo with ease (fig. 105).
All tractors operating on top of the barrier
were therefore equipped with track ex-
tensions.
b. The incline from the bay ice to the top
of the barrier was quite a different proposi-
tion. The 20-degree incline approximately
200 feet long proved to be a major obstacle.
Tractors without track extensions were not
able to climb this incline even without loads.
Tractors with track extensions could climb
the incline without a pay load but experi-
enced the greatest difficulty in towing a
single loaded Go-devil sled. When these
initial attempts were made on 19 January
1947 the snow on the incline was quite soft.
The tractors tended to mire in on one side
and corkscrew about at right angles to the
Figure 102. Layout of track extensions, showing both
60-inch and 30-inch types. D-6 tractors used only
30-inch extensions on Operation Highjump.
73 original direction, then being unable to
resume the original direction. By reversing
the tractor and pulling backward, better
results were obtained. An experiment with
two tractors in tandem, both pulling back-
ward, proved that one Go-devil sled with
2l/2 tons of cargo could be hauled up the
incline.
c. Before any appreciable amount of cargo
had been hauled up the incline, the tractors
had badly chewed up the surface, gouging
out deep holes in the snow. This activity
broke the natural snow bridge, or snow
crust, over the two large crevasses which ran
parallel to the barrier across the track.
These crevasses were about 2 feet wide when
discovered, but had widened out to about
5 feet at the end of the operation. Hauling
cargo witti tractors was suspended after
one tractor bogged down in one of these
crevasses and had to be towed out. Then
the prearranged plan of using a cable
towing device was used. The D-7 tractor
was installed on top of the barrier as a
deadman and by means of two pulleys
attached to the deadman and 1,200 feet
of wire cable, the loaded sleds were towed
up the incline by a tractor operating on the
bay ice. The crevasses were filled up with
snow by bulldozers. This snow supported
sleds and Weasels. Tractors were kept off
the incline for some time because it was feared
they would break through the snow filled
Votings rights cases are a passion for Chief Justice Roberts, which dramatically increases the chances that Trump gets Roberts’s vote. Justice Clarence Thomas most certainly has despised Biden since 1991, when then-Senator Biden as chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee conducting hearings on Thomas’s nomination to be a Supreme Court justice.
At the time, Thomas accused Biden of conducting “a judicial lynching” by allowing the specious and salacious testimony of Anita Hill. Thomas, who joined Roberts in Abbott v. Perez and Shelby County v. Holder will most certainly join the majority for Trump once again, as will most likely Alito and Gorsuch. Newly appointed Associate Justice Amy Coney Barrett will gain the courage needed in the face of Democrat scorn by joining these four – Roberts, Thomas, Alito, and Gorsuch.
When Barret becomes the majority vote, Kavanaugh will most likely come along.
Kavanaugh elaborated as follows: “In a Presidential election, in other words, a state court’s “significant departure from the legislative scheme for appointing Presidential electors presents a federal constitutional question,” citing the 2000 SCOTUS decision Bush v. Gore, among others. Kavanaugh was strongly suggesting he might well join Alito in an Article II challenge …
Even a cursory search reveals that most states adopting new vote-by-mail procedures did not involve their state legislature…
Other states risk having their 2020 presidential elections deemed unconstitutional if they were as careless while implementing mail-in balloting without the state legislature passing laws to allow for mail-in balloting the setting of rules and procedures specifying precisely how mail-in balloting was to be conducted.
Michigan state statutes regulating voting derive from a 1954 law. The section dealing with absentee balloting contains no language that would authorize mail-in voting with the type of loose and unconstitutional procedures Michigan implemented in 2020. The public record in Michigan reveals the many mail-in voting rules and procedures that were implemented by Michigan courts.
On September 18, 2020, Judge Cynthia Diane Stephens of the Michigan Court of Claims issued an injunction that had the effect of approving three challenges to Michigan election law that extended to 14 days after election day the counting of mail-in ballots provided they are postmarked one day before the November 3 presidential election day.
Again, there was no mention of the Michigan state legislature being involved in this judicial order. This legal challenge was brought by Perkins Coie attorney Marc Elias, the Democratic Party’s top elections lawyer.
I’ve had several articles published in a magazine calledIS (by a group called Para study that functions out of West Chester, Pennsylvania—two entitled Phi Letho; one is a look at Scientology, and the other is a ‘demon,’ as a writer. I have had many letters in the Washington area press, in ‘IS,’ the aberree,’ in Search, FATE (as the Rt. Rev. George A. Hyde ), the Society of Domestic Clerics , as the Director of the Confraternity of the Liturgical Life.
I will lay my cards on the table to avoid unnecessary controversy and communication roadblocks.
THE RICHARD S. SHAVER CONTROVERSY
Alphaeus Hart drew me into the Mystery in the Aberree. I had two experiences, one when on the verge of a nervous breakdown, and one of the types called expansion of consciousness – and the Shaver Mystery entered into the first one. I have definite views about it as I have experienced having voices and visions relayed to me while at the same time having departed people venerated in the Episcopal Church while also saints explain in terms of the psychology of the Unconscious mind and views and views contained in the writings of ancient church Fathers dealing with Demonic obsession.
PSYCHIC PHENOMENA
ESP functions because of the subconscious mind being a superconscious mind that people are hooked-up with to each other in groups. Max Freedom Long in the book THE SECRET SCIENCE BEHIND MIRACLES described an experience in which people coming into communication with others feel a sensation like an electric shock in the Solar Plexus. They were d escribing the permanent connections in the subconscious in the membership of the Episcopal Church. We examine psychic of the type associated with Edger Cayce and Mrs. Zoe Nickerson where the resource is the is joining of a common mind and Arthur Ford – and examined in three fields:
A: We have material that can be fed into the Unconscious mind through reading books and (B) deductions by processes noted in A and C (residual phenomena from the acceptance of telepathy or the surviving consciousness of the spirit world as a form of telepathy.
I have a mind which thinks entirely in verbal formularies and deductive and inductive reasoning, and which does not visualize. It is particularly integrated in terms of the Episcopal Church in matters in group relations and in drawing groups A and B. I do not believe I can be hypnotized.
In 1946 as Doctor James Bishop Pike was ordained into the priesthood , I also was attempting that as well, as an Episcopal Church celebrate, and possibly to get married . I had read about Duke University experiments and Arthur Ford’s voice coming out of a hall which he rented and held services when I noted comments about the Duke University experiments, I heard Arthur Ford’s voice coming from a hall which he rented on occasions and thought of how such esoteric beliefs might be reconciled with Christian beliefs. I had blessed James Otis Huntington, Founder of an Anglo Catholic religious order, I had read an article in AMAZING STORIES in which Vincent Gaddis spoke of being able to project himself in the Astral Plane in the form of a circle, while asleep, like what Gaddis was talking about. It was then that Gaddis informed me that she and her husband had become Episcopalians. As a teenager, I had met the First Executive Secretary of the AMERICAN CHURCH UNION, an organization of High Church Episcopalians, Bishop Henry I. Loutitit of South Florida, along with another person who also was also active in another High Anglican religious order, Father Martin of the Franciscans.
I had a set of experiences in 1963 as a Priest in the Independent Catholic movement . I decided to return to the lay communion of the Episcopal Church at a time that First executive Secretary of the American Church Union died. I had become involved with a Mr. Robert A.W. Lowndes, who connected me unfavorably who supports the views of Doctor Pike and has written an article about the assassination of President Kennedy. I stand along with Those who have who have taken a position of support and have taken interest in support of the American Church, psychism, Mind Control, Dr. Pike, Arthur Ford , the Episcopal Church, and others like them.
I am neither a Spiritualist nor a Therophyte, and I am not hostile to either Spiritualism or Theosophists. There is a real problem with communication regarding Mediums in a state of trance along with entities presenting themselves as ‘departed’ should be a matter of expert judgment. The Bible clearly prohibits attempts to communicate with the dead, especially when not dead and apparently controlled by another.
There are such things happening in the historic Christian Church which are not condemned by the Bible and appear as occasional phenomena taking place in the history of the historic Christian Church. We have such things as materialization and direct voice communication. Organized Christians avoid such things because they are easy to counterfeit and rely on people speaking in trances; psychic phenomena has two aspects —- it can appeal to highly orthodox and educated backgrounds as scientific evidence that often challenged and disbelieved. Private interests in materializations can e scientific, and not necessarily religious interests.
Interest in Spiritism can be either religious or scientific. It can also be controlled by an irrational fear of death. My personal belief includes the Eucharist: into psychic and offbeat form of research That the dead are living but without personal contact. My personal belief has expanded into a form of two religions: Christianity and the scientific truth.
I am not hostile to the movement of spiritual frontiers. I intend to join it. I am concerned that people seek to divide groups by forcing people to study Mr. Ford. Controls. Mechanistic abilities. However, through ‘controls.’ There are people who wish to divide the Episcopal Church into other groups rejecting each other, they will run into danger of obsession. Sincere people had also wanted to explore spiritual frontiers.
Episcopalians who oppose Doctor Pike should seek to find familiar ground for Study groups and to make contributing feelings rather than oppose such movements.
RELIGION AND CHRISTIANITY
I have written a long letter in the Aberree suggesting the founder of Christianity never existed but rather is an allegorical figure. I stated through Mary Elsnaus’s misgivings, that Jesus is a very real character, born of a virgin Mary, nailed on a cross, and risen rom a real tomb. I share my feelings with Saint Thomas Aquino’s proving the existence of God but doing this only using extensive dealing s with the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Nag Hammadi doctrines, and elements in the early church fathers and a connection with a metaphysical approach to the Christian Liturgy.
I am an off-brand Anglo-Catholic or High Church Episcopalian. As a member of the Anglo-Catholic and High Church Episcopalians, the Orthodox Greek Catholic Church, called Orthodoxy for short, I wish to agree with the Orthodox Church.
The Orthodox Church agrees with Paul the Apostle who said tht he did not go where others had preached. Dr. William Palmer has led a movement for baptized Episcopalians to remain in the Church while performing the faith of Orthodoxy because the Orthodox Greek Church was once part of the Roman Catholic Church, and as such was once part of the Orthodox Church.
THE CONSPIRATORS
I was ignorant at the time of the Chief Justice Earl Warren reports. These mentioned that Jack Martin had tried to get them to believe that David Ferrie was implicated in a plot but that Jack Martin was not taken seriously because of his being accused of being a ‘‘drunk.”
I have put Jack Martin up at times in my apartment at times, and although he ‘drinks like a fish,’ I can state definitely that he is not a drunk. He never goes ‘under,’ and holds his liquor. I personally do not drink except for an occasional ‘beer’ and I go ‘light’ even with that.
From what I have read in the paper, I am definitely sure that David Ferrie was definitely involved in such a plot. I have been handicapped by being ignorant of David Ferrie’s possible involvement until recently and at the same time honestly and sincerely believed that an entirely innocent man, Michael Itkin, was involved. I went so far as to write Senator George Smithers and try and get him to investigate Itkin. It is too involved to explain at this point, but it is quite possible that David Ferrie was responsible for creating the documents that lead me to believe that Itkin was involved.
As far as the Jim Garrison investigation ae concerned, I need to make my position clear; I RESPECT Jim Garrison and support his philosophy. However, I am seeking to instigate a movement holding that the Church ought to keep out of politics, and I do not want to appear one holding that the Church should go into political support of Garrison’s side. It is a ticklish situation. Evidence has ben suppressed by the CIA; however, The National Council of Churches has also been involved. I am opposed to the N.C.C . But in order to get anywhere, I have to present my opposition on a high level disassociating myself from much of the opposition and it would obviously compromise and compare Garrison to Church people who got the idea that I was saying that the churches are against him. I want to leave the Garrison matter to other people as much as possible; myself only as a laity-seeker. People like David Ferrie I wish kept out of the Society.
I am going to write an article threating this matter treating this matter in connection with the Richard S. Shaver Mystery; anything dealing with the Assassination Plot will bill be documented from my file of clippings. My own expertise has to do with the Nag Hammadi documents, Dead Sea scrolls, and so on.
Kennedy Assassination Investigator Jim Garrison
I am going to write Martin and will then write to you giving his address (has never occurred because of intervening events…SE). He is a nice a nice guy, but he is hard to get along with since he is a Mister Know It All and he “thinks Big when I think Small.”
Jack Martin wants to run anything he is involved in. The same as far as myself, So, when we get together things blow up. In contacting Jack Martin, you are going to run into one or two responses from him:: he will either try to sell you one something he can handle himself ( but is really too big for either of you or myself). He may even threaten you. But in regard to the Garrison Investigation, he can be a good friend.
THR RICHARD S. SHAVER MYSTERY
In the early Shaver Mystery stories which I read, there is a pronounced erotic element. I have not acquired many of Ray Palmer’s THE HIDDEN WORLD books but am aware of the Richard S. Shaver Mystery.
In the early shaver Mystery that is frequent mention of the symbol ‘tic’ as meaning ‘credit.’ We have the principle words in the Mystery of “dero” and “tero.’’ – and adding two identical consonants to each other we have ‘‘ero”—and adding the other haver word to it — we get “erotic.”
(Fairbanks never did get into an in-depth analysis of the Shaver Mystery, as promised, as family and other matters apparently intervened.)
The Reverend Thomas A. Fairbanks
Director of the Confraternity of the Liturgical Life
What is PayPal? This a PayPal account at independenterdmann@gmail.comand how to get started.
What is PayPal? This a PayPal account at independenterdmann@gmail.comand how to get started. Select Category Alien abduction Alien Hybrid Angelic Hybrid ARCHAEOLOGY Bad Karma BL4 Lab Biological Weapons Center for Disease China A Virus Commerce Conspiracy Corona Corporate Control Crime David Icke Finance Flu Vaccination Forced Vaccination History HIV Human Nature Investigative Reporting Kafkaesque Mind Control Nazism New Science Pandemic Paranormal Pedophila Phantasmagoria Quarantine Sadism Sars Science-fiction Slavery Surrealism Ufology UFOs Uncategorized Whistleblowing Wuhan
An Open Letter to the Center of Theological Inquiry
By Charles Upton
<Edited by Robert D. Morningstar>
January 11, 2022 – 1/11/22
Here is the email I recently sent to Fr. Andrew Davidson, the Catholic priest at Cambridge who headed the consortium of 24 theologians, working under the joint sponsorship of NASA and the Center of Theological Inquiry at Princeton, to craft a theological response to the possible discovery of extraterrestrial life.
Charles Upton
Dear Fr. Davidson:
Greetings of peace. I am an American Sufi Muslim who has recently published a book entitled The Alien Disclosure Deception: The Metaphysics of Social Engineering, consequently I am interested in learning more about the consortium of 24 scholars associated with the Center of Theological Inquiry who have come together, under your direction, to consider the theological implications of the possible future discovery of intelligent extraterrestrial life.
I was unable, for some reason, to find a list of these theologians on the internet, nonetheless I eagerly look forward to evaluating their conclusions. I hope they will be confident enough in these conclusions to attach their names to them at some time in the future, since the alternative would be to present themselves as a kind of secret tribunal that somehow possesses the authority to pronounce on these matters.
Given that the names of the scholars involved do not appear to be available, I have directed the following three questions directly to you:
1) Are all these scholars Christians, or do they include “observers” from other faiths?
2) If not, do you have plans to dialogue on these matters with non-Christian theologians at any time in the future?
3) After talking with the NASA media office I find that the 24 scholars at CTI have already completed their report on the theological implications of a discovery of extraterrestrial life. Is this report available to the public? And if not, what is the thinking behind the decision to keep it under wraps?
In our time we are confronted with two conceptions and two bodies of data related to extraterrestrial life that are diametrically opposed, and have not yet fully confronted each other.
Aliens Are Jinn – A Film Trailer
“Mainstream” scientists who are attempting to find evidence of extraterrestrial life, either intelligent or simply biological, have reached no firm conclusions (thus the “Fermi paradox”), while those scientists, military figures and members of the intelligence community who have been tracking the UFO phenomenon are on the edge of declaring that intelligent extraterrestrial beings actually exist, and, in fact, have always been in contact with humanity.
In light of this massive contradiction, I believe that the decision by NASA to bring together theologians to consider the implications of the discovery of intelligent extraterrestrial life, a decision which was made in the context of the official Pentagon “disclosure” that UFO are “real” in 2021, has one ominous implication—namely, that the idea of the possible discovery of extraterrestrial civilizations will inevitably act, either de facto or by design, to identify today’s UFO phenomenon with such conjectural civilizations, whether or not that identification is rationally justified.
This would effectively hide the fact that the UFO manifestation, according to the traditional understandings of Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Islam, is substantially in line with the phenomenology of the demonic, with the powers of the Jinn.
Therefore I believe that scholars who deal with the theological implications of any future discovery of intelligent extraterrestrial life should do their best to inform themselves regarding three bodies of data:
1} The evidence supporting the thesis that today’s UFO “aliens” are more likely to be preternatural beings than extraterrestrial astronauts;
2} The evidence for the ongoing negative physical and psychological effects of human interactions with these “aliens”;
3} The evidence that the prevailing mythology of UFOs and alien visitation is often couched in overtly anti-religious terms, as when the claim is made that the human race was not created by God so that they might know, love and serve Him, but by the Aliens through genetic engineering, and that the traditional religions will become a thing of the past as soon as this is realized, leaving the Aliens themselves as our only spiritual guides and protectors.
I maintain that any theological approach to the question of intelligent extraterrestrial life that ignores these three bodies of data will be compromised from the outset. I would very much appreciate your response to these concerns, and hope that you will answer a final question:
Has your consortium of theologians in any way confronted the question of the reality, and true nature, of the UFO phenomenon?
Judyth Vary Baker knew David Ferrie as a man of many faces: legal advisor for New Orleans Mafia Don, Carlos Marcello, aircraft pilot for several Mafia families, CIA asset, defrocked priest, anti-Castro adventurer, seducer of men and teenage boys, participant in an anti-Castro bioweapon plot, and a key to the JFK assassination.
“The Coup d’ Etat in 1963 took control of an inconvenient two-party system to run its self-protecting corporate agenda, with the CIA, FBI, banking interests and the military-industrial complex cooperating,” says Baker. “And when the Supreme Court recently ruled that corporations could, in essence, buy any and all political candidates through ‘donation,’ with no limit on what could be spent to influence votes, the American government became a prostitute whose services were purchased by the highest bidders.”
(DAVID FERRIE: Mafia Pilot, participant in anti-Castro Bioweapon Plot, Friend of Lee Harvey Oswald and the Key to the JFK Assassination, Judyth Vary Baker, TrineDay LLC, P.O. Box 577, Walterville, Oregon 97489, 1-800-556-2012, publisher@TrineDay.net, www.trineday.com, 2014, 521 pages, $24.95.)
David Ferrie’s connections to the Military-Industrial-Complex began in early 1962 when he became involved in the New Orleans Civil Air Patrol. There, Ferrie began instructing cadets, often in summer encampments at the air force bases.
Ferrie became a CAP commander in 1953. Lee Harvey Oswald enrolled as a CAP cadet on July 27, 1955 (serial No. 084965).
Oswald attended meetings at Moisant CAP Squadron, Lakefront and Abita Spring, Louisiana.
Eddie Voebel, a friend of Oswald, said that Oswald “had been a cadet in Ferrie’s CAP squadron in 1955 and that he recalled Oswald attended a party at Ferrie’s then-home at 209 Vinet Street.”
Researcher Lee Farley mentioned that David Ferrie was instrumental in “grooming” Oswald and his consequential enlistment in the United States Marines. Ferrie told the local Marine Corps that Oswald would be good in the CIA because “he could keep his mouth shut.” (p. 73.)
THE HEATH CONNECTION
In 1953, David Ferrie developed an interest in philosophy and took a course at Tulane. Doctor Bob Heath had 120 psychiatric patients that used subcortical electrode stimulation at his clinic. Heath conducted experiments at East Louisiana State Hospital at Jackson, along with associates from Tulane University. One of the fascinating persons who would drop by to visit was David Ferrie. In 1954, Ferrie began studying for a doctorate in psychology from the University of Phoenix (a university of “low esteem,” says Baker).
Ferrie spoke of the bringing “patients” to Heath’s office and, also, flying “sensitive” psychiatric data between Tulane’s psychology department and other hospitals and departments. CIA agents approached Heath to conduct human and animal tests of bulbocapnine. The 1957 Inspector General Report said that “the knowledge that the agency is engaging in unethical and illicit activities would have serious repercussions in political and diplomatic circles.” The U.S Army funded a Tulane Electrical Brain stimulation program conducted by Dr. Robert Heath, and (according to Australian psychiatrist, Dr. Harry Bailey) used blacks because “they were everywhere and cheap experimental animals.”
In June-July, 1967, Ferrie wrote a thesis for his PhD in psychology about hypnotherapy and received his PhD in psychology.
FERRIE AND VOODOOISM
Baker says that Ferrie definitely was involved in a matrix of activities including his Civil Air Patrol activities, his job as a pilot at Eastern Airlines, pilot for Mobster Carlos Marcello’s lawyers (and flying to Guatemala for Marcello), and, according to Victor Marchetti, “had in fact been employed by the CIA.” (Marchetti was Deputy Assistant to the CIA Director Richard Helms, p. 82.)
Ferrie was additionally connected into the CIA’s MKULTRA (mind control) program through Doctor Bob Heath, but, additionally Dr. Alton Ochsner (one-time friend of Office of Strategic Services [OSS] Chief “Wild Bill” Donovan), and Dr. Mary Sherman (researcher into cancer). Ferrie met Dr. Oschsner through Dr. Sherman, both cleared for work on a “Sensitive Position.” (p. 97.) Baker later learns that it is referred to as “The Project”: A cancer experiment, spear-headed by Oschsner, to develop a cancer serum as a bioweapon to be used against Fidel Castro.
In order to convince Baker of the reality of the Project, as government sponsored, she is introduced to a gruff detective and FBI/CIA asset, Guy Banister, who speaks at length of his clandestine contacts:
“Ferrie’s project was legitimate. Even the CIA was backing it, along with the city’s crime boss, Carlos Marcello,” says Baker. “Banister was quite serious.”
Banister’s Agency was involved, not only with Mary Sherman’s bioweapon project, but also the CIA, crime boss Carlos Marcello (because of the Intelligence alliances), and a spy ring against Castro and Communist activities (Banister was a former FBI agent [briefly, at his height in the Chicago FBI]). Banister continued to gather evidence against the corrupt New Orleans Police Department.
“When Dr. Sherman shows me a powerful new cancer developed over the past year, I am stunned by its vigor,” says Baker about 1963. “I agree to do what I can to stabilize the cancer and help transform it from a mouse cancer to one that will attack human tissues, only later will I realize that the cancer could be stolen and used to silence political enemies ‘forever.’”
(Judyth Baker’s early career into cancer research and her connection with Dr. Alton Ochsner was amply illustrated in her book Me & Lee: How I Came to Know, Love and Lose Lee Harvey Oswald, TrineDay Publishers, 2010.)
New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison summarized an understanding about the “anti-Castro” Radical right situation, stated in Garrison’s November 22, 1963 Playboy Magazine interview: members of the paramilitary right, anti-Castro exiles, were extremely worried about Jack Kennedy’s policy of détente succeeding.
The CIA was involved in much of this intrigue in a “mixed bag” of Minutemen, Cuban exiles, other anti-Castro “adventurers” training for a “foray” into Cuba. Along with an assassination attempt on Fidel Castro—there was also the bioweapon Project of Mary Sherman. “David Ferrie, who operated on the ‘command’ level of the ultra-rightists, was deeply involved in this effort,” says Baker. (p. 224.)
BUGGING DEVICES
One of the earlier choices by Banister for someone to be Ferrie’s laboratory assistant was Michael Riconosciuto, “a young genius in electronics, biochemistry, chemistry and computers…” (For further information about Riconosciuto’s place in the espionage web, see The Octopus from Hell, Parts I and II, http://ufodigest.com/article/octopus-hell-0704).
Riconosciuto may have aided Banister in various “bugging” operations, such as placing devices in Clay Shaw’s house in the summer of 1963; Riconosciuto was adept at installing “bugging devices” and electronic surveillance equipment.
Baker lists witnesses that saw Banister and Ferrie, such as Vernon Gerdes, Dr. Michael Kurtz, George Higgenbotham, Rick Bauer, William Gaudet, and Sergio Arcacha Smith (pp. 240-242). “And, of course, Lee Harvey Oswald,” adds Baker.
Baker was concerned for the rapid expansion of the Ochsner-Sherman project. About August 1, 1963, Baker says: “…deep-freezing this new backup material suggests that we aren’t developing this biological weapon just for Castro. We are about to make this cancer truly immortal…the city is a hot bed of Cold War operations of all kinds. The Project has required massive funding. Only one entity could afford everything happening here in New Orleans.” (pp. 245-246.)
TRAINING FILM
One of the bits of evidence of Oswald’s participation into the CIA’s various escapades was the “training film” of anti-Castro infantry near Bedico Creek near Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana in early September 1963. The film was seen by several people such as Robert K. “Bob” Tanenbaum of the House Select Committee on Assassination (HSCA), researchers Larry Hancock and Dick Russell, and Banister associate Delphine Roberts. Baker tells Erdmann, she also saw the film. The film showed, according to Tanenbaum, Antonio Veciana of Alpha 66, Guy Banister, David Atlee Phillips, Lee Oswald and David Ferrie (pp. 253, 264).
Baker spreads a trail of incidents and witnesses showing that Oswald, Ferrie, the CIA, FBI, and the Mob were intricately connected; we can only highlight a few points, but the reader is welcome to search out the further connections in the book.
An FBI informant, Joe Hauser, in his assisting FBI wiretaps of Mobster Marcello’s phone (161 reels of tape), told Author John H. Davis that agent Hauser “personally knew Oswald.” (p. 265.) Another witness was FBI agent Warren DeBrueys (pp. 266-267). Orest Pena also said he saw Oswald with local chief Warren DeBrueys in August, 1963 (p. 269).
ZOMBIE COLONIES
Baker speaks about prisoners from the Angola prison who were often used for “secret research” in a special Tulane University Research Unit at the East Louisiana State Hospital in Jackson. “These experiments were supported by a grant from the Commonwealth Fund,” says Baker, “later identified as a CIA front.” (Comparative Effects of the Administration of Taraxein, d-LSD, Mescaline, and Psilocybin to Human Volunteers [Heath, Silva].) If the patients survived, they are sent directly to the “zombie colonies” at Jackson State Hospital where “they wait to die and are buried in the Jackson graveyard so that security can be maintained and the truth about what was done to them completely covered.” William Livesay, a prisoner at Angola, told Baker about his experiences with these experiments (p. 275).
According to Baker, Lee Oswald was selected to make a trip to Mexico City to transport the biologically engineered materials that would eventually kill Castro of “natural causes,” which would actually be “lung cancer.” Prior to this venture, Oswald and Baker would continue to do blood tests at Jackson State Hospital.
INTERMEZZO
(The dark in the cellar)
INCIDENTS SURROUNDING JFK’S MURDER
The following are multiple tidbits that tend (in the opinion of Judyth Baker and others) to support Baker’s Ferrie/Oswald scenario:
___Texas Theater Manager Butch Burroughs said that he sold Lee Oswald popcorn in the Texas Theater at the time officer Tippet was shot.
___David Ferrie carried with him a file, which Author Joan Mellon said Ferrie referred to as “the Bomb,” along with a diagram in a “file,1963” portraying an automobile in an aerial view of Dealey Plaza…” (HSCA report of January 11, 1978). (p. 321.)
___An “Abort Team” was mentioned by Lee Oswald and William “Tosh” Plumlee (CIA contract pilot), and mentioned to author Jim Marrs.
___The infamous November 21, 1963 “party” at the oil baron Clint Murchison mansion in Dallas, Texas consisting of Richard Nixon, J. Edgar Hoover, H.L. Hunt, John Curington, George Brown of Brown + Root, former Texas Republican Congressman Bruce Alger, and John J. McCloy (McCloy would be placed on the Warren Commission within the week): Researchers Edgar Tatro and Harrison E. Livingstone confirmed Madeline Brown’s story (LBJ”s mistress), and wrote on September 3, 2014: “The party happened.” (pp. 330, 331, 334.)
___The famous “Altgens photo” showed that when the first shot was heard, secret service agents did not look up at the 6th floor of the Book Depository but, rather, they looked ahead, or at the Dal-Tex building. “It is important that the photograph shows no agent looking up,” Baker says to Erdmann.
___James T. Tague was standing near the triple underpass and hit on the cheek by a piece of street curb struck by one of the assassin’s bullets, possibly from the Dal-Tex building, not the Book Depository.
___The photos of Lee Oswald showing raised handcuffed wrists were his gesture to show newsmen that, to answer their questions, he was indeed handcuffed: It was not a “Communist salute.”
___Attorney Dean Andrews confessed that Oswald was just “a patsy,” adding: “I like to live. If they can get the President, they can crush me like a bug” (December 29, 1963). (p. 373.)
ADDITIONAL MYSTERY STRAINS
___Near the end of March, 1964, Betty Rubio, while working at the Lakefront Airport, saw Ferrie get out of a plane__talk to Rubio__and then go back to the plane and meet Clay Shaw. They talked for a while and then separated.
___Guy Banister is found naked and dead on June 6, 1964 from an alleged “heart attack.” His wife, Delphine Roberts, said that it was murder, but “it was made to look like a natural death.” “Anna Lewis said in a 2000 videotape: “He had a bullet in him, but they said it was a heart attack.”
___On or near July 11, 1965, David Ferrie was associated in flying individuals to Freemason Island. Matt Milligan of Trans-Gulf Seaplane Service identified photos of Andrew Blackmon and Clay Shaw.
JACK RUBY, MKULTRA VICTIM
According to Earl Ruby in HSCA testimony, and writer Greg Parker, Jack Ruby’s “cancer” was possibly “artificially induced.” Dr. Louis Jolyon “Jolly” West: Baker outlines that Dr. Louis Jolyon West had been cleared at Top Secret for his work on MKULTRA. “CIA documents show that grants were given to Dr. West for studies,” says Baker, “entitled, ‘Psychophysiological Studies of Hypnosis and Suggestibility’ and ‘Studies of Dissociative States.’’’ West had examined Jack Ruby in his jail cell (p. 387).
(Also see, Colin Ross MD: “One such example that Ross writes about is Dr. Louis Jolyon West. While Dr. West’s curriculum vitae doesn’t mention that he received Top Secret clearance from the CIA as the contractor on MKULTRA Subproject 43, CIA documents show that grants were given to Dr. West for studies entitled, Psychophysiological Studies of Hypnosis and Suggestibility and Studies of Dissociative States.”
David Ferrie had worked as a pilot for Al Crouch’s Saturn Aviation and flight school in November, 1966. Ferrie was fired on February 7, 1967, and would have been the pilot for a cross-country flight, but Crouch asked another pilot, “Bob,” instead.
Bob’s wife, J.G, spoke coincidentally to Baker sometime in 2013 about the crash of the 7th of 1967 in Slidell. According to J.G, Ferrie was fired “because Crouch was scared to death.” Crouch needed a pilot right away and J.G’s husband was selected. The crash was blamed on pilot error for not properly fueling the plane, but “Bob” had a receipt that proved he had refueled.
“From his unique perspective, Bob, trapped as he was in the plane,” says Baker, “could see that the fuel tank had been punctured.” (pp. 393-394.)
David Ferrie, at times, says Baker, suffered mentally for his guilt over his bisexuality (and the fact that it prevented him from becoming a priest); sometimes Ferrie would torture and whip himself (pp. 255-260). The image that came to mind to this writer, was the semblance to the fictional Opus Dei character (the albino) Silas or Simon, in Dan Brown’s The Da Vinci Code, who would whip himself mercilessly.
Ferrie began his last days by hiding out in the Airport’s pilots’ lounge and rest-overnight area, from about February 8 to 16, 1967.
Student Bruce Nolan said of Ferrie: “One day in early 1967, I arrived for a lesson and found Ferries limped over a desk, crippled by a blazing headache. He could not fly. He could barely open one eye. I shoveled him into my car. He asked to be taken to his home on Louisiana Avenue Parkway. I got him to the porch and watched him scuffle inside.” (Nolan never saw him again).
The news media, at that time, was busy covering Jim Garrison’s investigation along with an occasional story written about Ferrie. In an interview with Garrison investigators on February 18, 1967, Ferrie voiced great skepticism of the single-bullet theory.
The famed group photo of Lee Oswald with his CAP squadron in 1967 was “no longer on display on the living room wall, along with other CAP group photos.” Other evidence of Lee Oswald knowing David Ferrie had disappeared.
Ferrie’s interview given to Garrison investigators while he stayed at the Fontainebleau Motor Hotel eventually vanished. Ferrie vanished from the hotel on February 19, 1967.
Ferrie called Raymond Broshears, former roommate, to report his fear of being killed: “No matter what happens to me, I won’t commit suicide.” (February 20, 1967.)
“A secret report generated by the FBI on May 22, 1968,” says Baker, “confirms that Garrison planned to arrest Ochsner, a Reily coffee executive, and others associated with the New Orleans Project.” (p. 415.)
DOCTOR MINYARD’S REPORT
The body of Ferrie was found deceased about 11:50 a.m. on February 22, 1967 by Jimmy Johnson. The coroner’s staff arrived at 12:30 p.m. Three suspicious “suicide notes” were eventually found. Frank Minyard theorized it was a murder because of contusions to the mouth. “Dr. Minyard says David Ferrie was murdered.” (p. 435.)
On February 23, 1967, Eladio Ceferino del Valle, ex-Cuban congressman, associate of David Ferrie (Baker says there is some evidence of association), and an anti-Castro activist was found dead in his automobile in Miami: beaten, tortured, and shot in the chest. Eladio Valle and Ferrie flew “anti-Castro sorties” in the past, as well as had involvement with Mobster Santos Trafficante.
“Numerous deaths, however, are still classified as ‘natural’ along with a plethora of suicides, murders and ‘accidental deaths’ that can no longer be ignored,” says Baker.
MISSING LOG BOOKS
JG, while working for Al Crouch, began to get harassing phone calls about Ferrie’s pilot log books. JG later disclosed that said log books were confiscated by the felonious “spy” investigator for Jim Garrison, William Gurvich, a turncoat. “He was going behind Garrison’s back,” said JG.
“That dirty word ‘conspiracy,’ which actually accounts for most evil-doing on the planet,” says Baker, “are avoided most by those who perpetuate it.”
Similar sentiments were voiced by Robert Tannenbaum, HSCA Deputy Counsel, said after Tannenbaum originally discounted Garrison’s suspicions and investigation: “And then I read all this material that came out of (CIA Director Richard) Helms’s office, that in fact what Garrison had said was true. They (CIA agents) were harassing his witnesses, they were intimidating his witnesses.” (Bob Tannenbaum, Probe, July-August 1996 [Vol. 3, No. 5].) (pp. 431, 435.)
The reader will have to make further analysis of Baker’s book (which has elaborate appendences concerning testimonies, autopsies, and further never-before-disclosed information on David Ferrie’s life).
BRIEF BACKGROUND: THE CRITICS
Baker has accumulated a number of critics that relentlessly follow her and try to poke holes in her story about her New Orleans experiences with, what she says, are members of the conspiratorial underworld in the Kennedy murder. The critics feel they have a strong complaint as it is based on the many seeming contradictions in the story and testimony of Baker. But as Baker pointed out to Erdmann, this happened often when debunkers are dedicated to finding such missteps and colloquial comments in daily conversation (imagine someone following behind you and perpetually examining your every word or move).
It would not be difficult to blacken one’s name if the critics’ research was not based on the totality of facts and information. Some critics have even opened websites and blogs dressed in nothing but what appears to be jealous vindictiveness, and according to Baker, the wish to get some type of revenge. Baker covers some of the attacks (Note, in the following, some identifying details are Xed over to afford protection to all mentioned parties):
“(Speaking of Xxxxxxx’s comments on Baker’s contradictions) … so-called ‘contradictions’ come from lifting comments from various parts of my manuscript and making it seemed that I reversed things, as well as form emails. The man altered. Xxxxxxx corresponded with me and pretended to be my friend. Then he demanded that I hand over my book to (another debunking group), or he would publish what you are citing. He even claimed I said Lee was not circumcised, as if I would talk about such a thing to him, when all we talked about was how to help his sharpei dogs’ skin condition, before I began sharing emails with him. These emails he cites are using statements taken out of context or deliberately altered! I would make a statement and by adding one word or a question mark, he changed the meanings. Note that Xxxxxxx has NEVER published anything significant after he began attacking me and Jim Garrison, unless you think his ‘Pxxxxxxxx Sxxxxxxxx’ site that he told me was paid for by Xxxxxxx (he denies this now), or his JXX online (another Xxxxxxx site) are to be considered worthy of citing…His JFK 100 list against Stone’s JFK is so unfair, getting on Olive Stone’s case because Stone made the movie that opened up the ARRB and all those files got released. Xxxxxxx treated the movie, which took some liberties for dramatic effect, as a DOCUMENTARY. From that false position he made up his 100 objections to the movie. He also claimed Dave Ferrie never confessed to Lou Ivon and Moo Moo Sciambra. This is not true…
“(If Erdmann would write questions to Baker) … I would be happy to reply. But since you are relying on my enemies to bring up questions for you, and want me to write what would be extensive essays in response, for I would have to prove much more than they, and then they would just bring up new objections, as they are not there to learn, but only to destroy. I am just shaking my head. What problems do you have with the book? What questions would you ask? Xxxxxxx’s ‘contradictions’ were previously answered in my own essays online. Of course he won’t tell you where the essays can be found (hint: at judythbaker, blogspot, com, etc.). What kind of reputation does Xxxxxxx have? Has he ever spoken at a conference? No. Has he written a book (only for his article on Clinton and Jackson)? No. Has he anyone who respects him except the Xxxxxxx contingent?” (July 28, 2015, 10:13 pm.)
Baker brings up a few “why ifs” that are interesting (but far beyond the scope of this article to include them here in their entirety). “Second, you should go to my Facebook page and see what I am going through right now. Ask yourself why they are trying to break my password and get into judythbaker.com, after judythbaker.org was taken over and is being used to ruin me.” (July 28, 2015, 9:42 a.m.)
Baker emphasizes that those who have questions about her claims should contact her personally for answers, either through her publishers or contact points on the Internet or Facebook.
What isn’t covered is “why” are some of the rabid and voracious attacks on the veracity of Baker’s claims. “Howard” (howpl) gave some insight in his April 8, 2004 comments:
“I have known Judyth Baker for 5 years. (I also ‘know’ [Wim] Dankbaar from a Usenet newsgroup, though we have never met.) I am writing this note in the hopes that this is a group of educators (as opposed to Prof. Xxxxxxx, the immoderate ‘moderator’ of that newsgroup) whose ‘article’ on Ms. Baker, is a pile of trash. Pardon the immoderate language, but this nominal academic has been particularly destructive. Anyone who has spent the number of hours it takes to see Judyth’s evidence and hear her story knows that she is the genuine article. Xxxxxxx never even met her, though her door was wide open and her telephone number widely circulated.
“I co-wrote a book with Judyth, and also spent 14 months going back and forth with 60M on their intention, stated quite emphatically on the last go-round, to do a segment favorable to her. As Don Hewitt later said on C-SPAN, ‘the door was slammed in our face.’ Now what do you think he meant by that. The forces arrayed against Don Hewitt – the godfather of investigative journalism (on TV at least) were that powerful. Both he and Wallace believe her story, but as the diligent Nigel Turner segment proved, you really do have to hear the WHOLE story and see the evidence in context. It was nice, and I am thankful for the courage he showed, but viewers should not have had to rely on the talking head alone.
“Unfortunately, so-called ‘researchers’ in the JFK community, who spent little time interrogating her and viewing her evidence, have — to protect their own books — fought hard and fought dirty to sabotage both the book and the 60M show. They tried hard to stop Turner, too. This may surprise you, but the only thing that surprised me was the intensity of it. Who knew there were conspiracy theorists willing to go this far. Case in point: At the annual Lancer conference, held in Dallas, panelists have been informed that they may not discuss Ms. Baker’s story. For this and other atrocities, the head of Lancer has disgraced the research community. I am sure that Dankbaar has joined this forum in the hopes of finding a true academic sanctuary where open discussion is treasured, not banned.
“As for me, I am not sure that I can respond in a detailed manner to questions that come up here. It has been a wild, tiring, and discouraging five-year ride. But I do want it on record somewhere that I believe Judyth Baker knew the real Lee Harvey Oswald. I believe it without a single doubt. As she told me at the outset, the truth is complicated, but it is logical. But nobody has time for complicated in today’s world. It takes too much work.”
John Simkin perhaps gave the most concise summary of the events (March 13, 2004, 8:59 am, April 26, 2004, 7:53 am): “Researchers are divided on Baker’s story: a number of researchers have seen most or all her original evidence files and defend her (such as Jim Marrs, Martin Shackelford, Wim Dankbaar, Howard Platzman) while other researchers attack her story… Baker points out that almost all the researchers who have attacked her story have never met her or viewed her original evidence files. Far too many people involved in this case are quick to make abusive comments about the people they disagree with. I don’t see why we cannot disagree politely with each other. The main objective is to reach the truth. I believe the best way we can achieve this is by having an open, rational debate.”
One might add to that: that there are bits and pieces of circumstantial evidence that incessantly materializes to bolster her claims, such as Dr. Ochsner knowing Lee Oswald:
“Many people may think there are no documented ties of Ochsner to Oswald, but there are: Here is one:
(Impression by Dr. Alton Ochsner, world famed surgeon and President of both the Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation and the Information Council of the Americas [INCA], who perhaps was the only listener who knew of Oswald’s defection before the debate.)
“It’s a record from the kitchen of INCA, the right wing CIA sponsored organization founded by Ochsner, reiterating the guilt of Lee Harvey Oswald as the lone assassin, with personal comments of Alton Ochsner himself (see middle photo on the back cover).” (Wim Dankbaar, March 29, 2004, 10:00 am.)
PART II: The World of the Unseen-
Out of the Cryptex
Reading about and describing some of the multiple attacks and confrontations that Judyth Vary Baker has encountered resembles some of the scarier tactics that intelligence operations have created from their literal and figurative dungeons of torture.
THE PROBLEM THAT GOES BEYOND
One can speculate that from most outward appearances, the researchers that lean towards conspiracy in the murder of John F. Kennedy, and those elements associated in highlighting a conspiracy, are often confronted by critics that speak from prior dispositions that run together in dark circles, wolf packs, and often in vile malevolence. Such vice (seen so repetitiously) could be associated with various mental states such as xenophobia (fear of the unknown), mythophobia (fear of myths), rhabdophobia (fear of criticism), or heresyphobia (fear of challenges), and can also be aligned with a greater inner sanctum motivator: megalomania and authoritarian personality disorder; particularly in the arena of intelligence and governmental control.
Journalist Cameron Reilly introduced one of the government’s sub rosa intelligence projects this way:
“Mockingbird isn’t some conspiracy theory – like MKULTRA and the 638 attempts at assassinating Fidel Castro, it’s a genuine part of CIA history. Mockingbird has been written about in detail since the late 70’s, but it’s one of those pieces of U.S. history that isn’t talked about much in the mainstream media. Why? I assume because they would prefer people don’t know about it as it would make them ask too many questions, such as “how do we know the CIA isn’t controlling the media today as well?
“It’s also one of those events in history that should help us all realize that we’ve been manipulated and lied to by the government and the media in the past so it’s entirely rationale to believe they might be manipulating and lying to us still today.”
Reilly went on to describe Operation Mockingbird as a sophisticated ruse by the CIA and the U.S corporate media to spread intentional lies to the American people and international readers.
(http://cameronre – Steven Jacobson and Steve Kangas spoke in a piece entitled Media and Mind Control in America:
“Journalism is a perfect cover for CIA agents. People talk freely to journalists, and few think suspiciously of a journalist aggressively searching for information. Journalists also have power, influence and clout. Not surprisingly, the CIA began a mission in the late 1940s to recruit American journalists on a wide scale…The agency wanted these journalists not only to relay any sensitive information they discovered (and write about and replay information when requested…SE).”
Early progenitors of the project, said Jacobson-Kangas, were Frank Wisner, Allan Dulles, Richard Helms and Philip Graham (Graham was the husband of Katherine Graham, today’s publisher of the Washington Post). The sub rosa project included 25 media organizations and 400 journalists (or more), according to 1975 findings of the Church Committee, and read like a Who’s Who of journalism:
Philip and Katharine Graham (Publishers, Washington Post) William Paley (President, CBS) Henry Luce (Publisher, Time and Life magazine) Arthur Hays Sulzberger (Publisher, N.Y. Times) Jerry O’Leary (Washington Star) Hal Hendrix (Pulitzer Prize winner, Miami News) Barry Bingham Sr., (Louisville Courier-Journal) James Copley (Copley News Services) Joseph Harrison (Editor, Christian Science Monitor) C.D. Jackson (Fortune) Walter Pincus (Reporter, Washington Post) ABC NBC Associated Press United Press International Reuters Hearst Newspapers Scripps-Howard Newsweek magazine Mutual Broadcasting System Miami Herald Old Saturday Evening Post New York Herald-Tribune, the New York Herald-Tribune, the Saturday Evening Post, Scripps-Howard Newspapers, Hearst Newspapers, the Associated Press, United Press International, the Mutual Broadcasting System, Reuters and the Miami Herald and many others.
(It is believed that Steve Kangas was working on a book about CIA covert activities when on 8th February, 1999, he was found dead in the bathroom of the offices of Richard Mellon Scaife, the owner of the Pittsburgh Tribune [Scaife was a person that Kangas believed was a CIA operative]. He had been shot in the head. Popular status quo was told that he had committed suicide; other people believe he was murdered. In an article in Salon Magazine [19th March, 1999], Andrew Leonard asked: “Why did the police report say the gun wound was to the left of his head, while the autopsy reported a wound on the roof of his mouth? Why had the hard drive on his computer been erased shortly after his death? Why had Scaife assigned his No. 1 private detective, Rex Armistead, to look into Kangas’ past?”)
INTERMEZZO
(The Darkest Part of the Cellar)
EXPANSIVE MEDIA MACHINE
Greg Burnham, who quoted extensively from Operation Mockingbird: How Democracy was manipulated through the mainstream Media (Staffan H. Westerberg and Pete Engwall), disclosed additional facets of the intelligence scam.
“In the early 1950’s, CIA launched a propaganda program put together utilizing the expansive media machine within the United States…probably the most important vehicle ever for the power that is behind the CIA to control and manipulate the public…perhaps the most devastating Intel project ever inflicted on the American people and democracy in the United States. Today most people have never heard of it, and the majority of JFK researchers rarely bring the truth of Mockingbird into their research equation.
“ # Reporters on the CIA payroll forcing witnesses to change their story.
# Special assets within the media who affect others to act and report incorrect conclusions, opinions and perceptions.
# CIA directing assets within the media.
# Editors who can review texts and change facts to suit.
# Reporters and other assets in the field become watchdogs for developing news.
# Editors that step in to defend and shift focus.
# Assets that control debates and create diversions.
# News organizations and chief editors who avoid critique and project the official line.
# Media organizations that project false images and scenarios.
# Media Management that work with policies and establish in-house views – which leads to a hidden culture.
# Agency infiltrating social media.
# Photo editors that manipulate images.
# Falsification of historical events and interactions and influence with private researchers.
Website http://100777.com/brainwashing compiled a comprehensive list of recognized intelligence controls, listed here for the readers’ viewing pleasure, in their entirety:
MUTLIPLE SECRET OPERATIONS in society, document created 25/09/2014 – 10:59, updated 29/09/2014 – 10:43 by cybe: originally from: https://www.reddit.com/r/politics/comments/se111/61_years_after_the_failed_bay_of_pigs_invasion/) (These are offered with the admonition, by cybe, that those who discover conspiracies are not crazy, but those who deny same are ignorant. The reader is welcomed to research the topics in depth [we cannot do that here]. You will find even more such projects not herein mentioned: Artichoke, Peter Pan, and Husky…):
“Operation Northwoods? A series of proposals which called for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), or other operatives, to commit acts of terrorism in US cities and elsewhere”
“The Informant named “Curveball” who lied about WMDs in Iraq? An Iraqi citizen who defected from Iraq in 1999, claiming that he had worked as a chemical engineer at a plant that manufactured mobile biological weapon laboratories as part of Iraqi weapons of mass destruction program. His allegations were subsequently shown to be false”
“Testimony of Nayirah? The Nayirah testimony was a fake testimony given before the non-governmental Congressional Human Rights Caucus on October 10, 1990 by a woman who provided only her first name, Nayirah.”
“Operation Black Eagle – Operation Black Eagle became a network of 5000 people who made possible the export of arms in the direction of Central America, and the import of drugs from the same direction. “
“Operation Mockingbird – a secret campaign by the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to influence media. “
“The Special Collection Service – A highly classified joint U.S. Central Intelligence Agency-National Security Agency program charged with inserting eavesdropping equipment in difficult-to-reach places, such as foreign embassies, communications centers, and foreign government installations.”
“Project MKULTRA – A U.S. government human research operation experimenting in the behavioral engineering of humans…..MKUltra used numerous methodologies to manipulate people’s mental states and alter brain functions, including the surreptitious administration of drugs (especially LSD) and other chemicals, hypnosis, sensory deprivation, isolation, verbal and sexual abuse, as well as various forms of torture.”
“Operation Paperclip – was the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) program in which over 1,500 German scientists, technicians, and engineers from Nazi Germany and other foreign countries were brought to the United States for employment in the aftermath of World War II. “
“Downing Street Memo – Sometimes described by critics of the Iraq War as the ‘smoking gun memo,’ is the note of a secret 23 July 2002 meeting of senior British Labor government, defense and intelligence figures discussing the build-up to the war, which included direct reference to classified United States policy of the time.”
A TELECOMMUNICATION INTERCEPTION FACILITY
“Room 641A is a telecommunication interception facility operated by AT&T for the U.S. National Security Agency that commenced operations in 2003 and was exposed in 2006.”
“Gulf of Tonkin Incident – also known as the USS Maddox Incident, is the name given to two separate confrontations involving North Vietnam and the United States in the waters of the Gulf of Tonkin.”
“COINTELPRO – (an acronym for COunter INTELligence PROgram) was a series of covert, and at times illegal, projects conducted by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) aimed at surveying, infiltrating, discrediting, and disrupting domestic political organizations.”
“Project MKDELTA – MKDELTA, and its associated program MKULTRA, were mind control and interrogation operations run by the Central Intelligence Agency. Both MKULTRA and MKDELTA involved the surreptitious use of LSD and other biochemical in clandestine operations…”
“Rex 84 Plan A classified ‘scenario and drill’ developed by the United States federal government to suspend the United States Constitution, declare martial law, place military commanders in charge of state and local governments, and detain large numbers of American citizens who are deemed to be ‘national security threats’, in the event that the President declares a ‘State of National Emergency.’”
“Project Artichoke A CIA project that researched interrogation methods and arose from a Project BLUEBIRD. The project studied hypnosis, forced morphine addiction (and subsequent forced withdrawal), and the use of other chemicals, among other methods, to produce amnesia and other vulnerable states in subjects.”
“Project MKOFTEN A covert Department of Defense program developed in conjunction with the CIA. A partner program to MKSEARCH, the goal of MKOFTEN was to ‘test the behavioral and toxicological effects of certain drugs on animals and humans’”.
“Operation Dormouse The idea was that by exposing the MKULTRA program by essentially offering it to the press, any investigative attempts into the Project Artichoke would be diverted.”
“Operation Ajax The overthrow of the democratically elected Prime Minister of Iran Mohammad Mosaddegh on 19 August 1953, orchestrated by the United Kingdom (under the name ‘Operation Boot’) and the United States (under the name TPAJAX Project”
THE BUSINESS PLOT
“The Plot to kill FDR…by BANKERS The Business Plot was an alleged political conspiracy in 1933. Retired Marine Corps Major General Smedley Butler claimed that wealthy businessmen were plotting to create a fascist veterans’ organization and use it in a coup d’état to overthrow President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt, with Butler as leader of that organization.”
“CIA Front Companies An airline listed as Foreign Corporation in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. It is alleged to be a front company for the Central Intelligence Agency.”
“Stuxnet A computer worm that was discovered in June 2010, and was designed to attack industrial Programmable Logic Controllers or PLCs.”
“Project Merrimac A domestic espionage operation coordinated under the Office of Security of the CIA. It involved information gathering procedures via infiltration and surveillance on Washington-based anti-war groups that might pose potential threats to the CIA.”
“Project Resistence A domestic espionage operation coordinated under the Domestic Operations Division (DOD) of the CIA. Its purpose was to collect background information on groups around the U.S. that might pose threats to CIA facilities and personnel.”
“The Rendon Group that exports PR and Propaganda is a public relations and propaganda firm headed by John Rendon which specializes in providing communications services both nationally and internationally. The Rendon Group website states, “For nearly three decades, The Rendon Group has been providing innovative global strategic communications solutions from our headquarters in Washington, DC. TRG utilizes state-of-the-art technology as well as traditional public relations tools, assisting leading commercial, government and military organizations.”
“In-Q-Tel…the CIA’s front company Venture Capital arm…that is heavily invested in Google a not-for-profit venture capital firm that invests in high-tech companies for the sole purpose of keeping the Central Intelligence Agency, and other intelligence agencies, equipped with the latest in information technology in support of United States intelligence capability.”
“Operation Chaos was the code name for a domestic espionage project conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency.”
“Project SHAMROCK Considered to be the sister project for Project MINARET, was an espionage exercise, started in August 1945[1] that involved the accumulation of all telegraphic data entering into or exiting from the United States. The Armed Forces Security Agency (AFSA)[2] and its successor NSA were given direct access to daily microfilm copies of all incoming, outgoing, and transiting telegrams via the Western Union and its associates RCA and ITT.”
SECRET COURT
“The FISA Court (secret) A U.S. federal court established and authorized under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA) to oversee requests for surveillance warrants against suspected foreign intelligence agents inside the United States by federal law enforcement agencies.”
“Russell Welch who tried to expose drug ops at Mena, AK…also poisoned with Anthrax Welch sounded the alarm for decades about an alleged CIA smuggling operation of cocaine into the United States via Mena in Arkansas, and claimed that Barry Seal was trafficking more than cocaine, and that there were more places like Mena in Oklahoma….Welch claimed he was exposed to military grade anthrax, a poison only available at that time through the U.S. government…”
“Gerry Droller was a CIA officer involved in the covert 1954 Guatemalan coup d’état and the recruitment of Cuban exiles in the preparation of the Bay of Pigs Invasion in April 1961.”
“The School of the Americas is a United States Department of Defense Institute located at Fort Benning near Columbus, Georgia, that provides military training to government personnel of Latin American countries.”
“Journalist/Report Gary Webb was an American investigative reporter best known for his 1996 Dark Alliance series of articles written for the San Jose Mercury News and later published as a book. In the three-part series, Webb investigated Nicaraguans linked to the CIA-backed Contras who had smuggled cocaine into the U.S. Their smuggled cocaine was distributed as crack cocaine in Los Angeles, with the profits funneled back to the Contras. Webb also alleged that this influx of Nicaraguan-supplied cocaine sparked, and significantly fueled, the widespread crack cocaine epidemic that swept through many U.S. cities during the 1980s.”
“Operation Charly was allegedly the code-name given to a program undertaken by the military establishment in Argentina with the objective of providing military and counterinsurgency assistance to Central America to combat left-wing subversion.”
“Operation 40 was a Central Intelligence Agency-sponsored undercover operation in the early 1960s, which was active in the United States and the Caribbean (including Cuba), Central America, and Mexico. The group was formed to seize political control of Cuba after the Bay of Pigs Invasion.”
“Operation Midnight Climax The project consisted of a web of CIA-run safehouses in San Francisco, Marin, and New York. It was established in order to study the effects of LSD on unconsenting individuals. Prostitutes on the CIA payroll were instructed to lure clients back to the safehouses, where they were surreptitiously plied with a wide range of substances, including LSD, and monitored behind one-way glass. Several significant operational techniques were developed in this theater, including extensive research into sexual blackmail, surveillance technology, and the possible use of mind-altering drugs in field operations.”
“Operation Washtub was a CIA-organized covert operation to plant a phony Soviet arms cache in Nicaragua to demonstrate Guatemalan ties to Moscow. It was part of the effort to overthrow the President of Guatemala, Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán in 1954.”
SPY CATS
“Acoustic Kitty A CIA project launched by the Directorate of Science & Technology in the 1960s attempting to use cats in spy missions, intended to spy on the Kremlin and Soviet embassies.”
“Amalgam Virgo was the codename of an Italian Air Force C-47 Dakota aircraft, registration MM61832, used by the Italian Secret Service and the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in covert operations. Officially, those operations were limited to electronic surveillance over the Adriatic Sea and interference with the Yugoslavian radar network.”
“Project FUBELT is the code name for the secret Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) operations that were to prevent Salvador Allende rise to power before his confirmation, and promote a military coup in Chile.”
“Stargate Project was the code name for a project established by the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency to investigate claims of psychic phenomena with potential military and domestic application, such as remote viewing, which is the purported ability to psychically ‘see’ events, sites, or information from a great distance.”
“Tepper Aviation is based at the Bob Sikes Airport in Crestview, Florida. The company has a long association with the CIA. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, it was widely reported to be flying weapons into Angola to arm the UNITA rebels. More recently, it has been linked with the practice of extraordinary rendition.”
“The Church Committee was the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities.”
“Family Jewels is the informal name used to refer to a set of reports that detail activities conducted by the United States Central Intelligence Agency. Considered illegal or inappropriate, these actions were conducted over the span of decades, from the 1950s to the mid-1970s.”
“The Pentagon Papers a United States Department of Defense history of the United States’ political-military involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967…..The papers revealed that the U.S. had secretly enlarged the scale of the Vietnam War with the bombings of nearby Cambodia and Laos, coastal raids on North Vietnam, and Marine Corps attacks, none of which were reported in the mainstream media.”
“Operation Gladio a NATO stay-behind anti-communist organization.”
DENUEMENT
(No Free Press)
SERVE THE MEDIA OWNERS
Writer Mary Louise explained that CIA assignments ranged from intelligence-gathering to serving as go-betweens at hundreds of businesses and universities, often using Ivy League graduates (such as Yale figures George Herbert Walker Bush and the Skull and Crossbones Society).
“Many Americans still insist or persist in believing that we have a free press, while getting most of their news from state-controlled television, under the misconception that reporters are meant to serve the public,” said Louise. “Reporters are paid employees and serve the media owners, who usually cower when challenged by advertisers or major government figures.” (Mary Louise, Mockingbird: CIA Media Manipulation [2003].)
ROBERT PARRY AND EDWARD SNOWDEN
Louise highlighted newsman Robert Parry who wrote about news-breaking affairs in the Iran-Contra episode for the Associated Press: Parry found that his stories were often ignored by the press and congress; he further witnessed the actual retraction of a true story when working for Newsweek for political reasons.
In “Fooling America: A Talk by Robert Parry” Parry said, “The people who succeeded and did well were those who didn’t stand up, who didn’t write the big stories, who looked the other way when history was happening in front of them, and went along either consciously or just by cowardice with the deception of the American people.”
Recent history included the famous whistleblower Edward Snowden who exposed the National Security Agency breech and use of private communication of the citizenry, and according to researcher Kristan Harris, “are attempting to manipulate and control online behavior even going to the extreme of setting people up using what the GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters [UK]) calls ‘Honey Traps.’ They then go on to force you into behavior you may not have been in and use the information to discredit American patriots who oppose the current establishment.”
Glenn Greenwald, a journalist who leaked the information, had stated:
“Over the last several weeks, I worked with NBC News to publish a series of articles about ‘dirty trick’ tactics used by GCHQ’s previously secret unit, JTRIG (Joint Threat Research Intelligence Group).
The files showed how shill agents infiltrated the internet to manipulate stage and attempt to corrupt reputations, said Harris, and Harris strongly questioned the use of espionage against its own citizens. “Are these extreme tactics of deception by our government honorable?” Harris asked. “These documents show how the GCHQ trains and engage in ‘false flag operations’ to purposely deceive and set individuals up (online).”
Perhaps the American public will need to hunker-down, in some respects, to an on-coming flood of evil, as herewith forewarned in the feelings and words of the late Jim Garrison (Russell, On the Trail of the JFK Assassins, page 100 [Baker, p. 432]):
‘“We’re investigating a conspiracy which appeared to have occurred in New Orleans…if they (the government, SE) want to help me, I’ll welcome their help. But I’m not reporting to anybody.’ Those were strong words…before long,” says Baker, “the most powerful machinery of the government had been uncorked against Garrison…the full story of how Garrison was ham-strung would fill a volume.”
(See also)https://www.facebook.com/v2.3/plugins/post.php?app_id=249643311490&channel=https%3A%2F%2Fstaticxx.facebook.com%2Fx%2Fconnect%2Fxd_arbiter%2F%3Fversion%3D46%23cb%3Df2a20edcb7a0b94%26domain%3Dwordpresscom507.wordpress.com%26is_canvas%3Dfalse%26origin%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwordpresscom507.wordpress.com%252Ff15968f67b81144%26relation%3Dparent.parent&container_width=552&href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2F1650218505198628%2Fphotos%2Fpb.1650218505198628.-2207520000.1438708904.%2F1653536621533483%2F%3Ftype%3D1%26theater&locale=en_US&sdk=joey&width=552
Surgeon Dr. Alton Ochsner
Eminent heart and lung surgeon, and former President of the American Cancer Society
I have been studying both the administration and assassination of the 35th President, John F. Kennedy, for a great deal of my adult life. The tragedy inflicted by the assassination of JFK–as President of the United States, as an individual, as a husband, and as a devoted father of two–is far outweighed by the impact this seminal event inflicted upon the Executive Branch of the Federal Government itself.
Dr Robert Heath was Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry and Neurology at Tulane University in New Orleans from 1949 to 1980. He performed many controversial experiments involving electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB). In one procedure, Dr Heath wired up the pleasure centres of a gay man. During a three-hour session, the subject, code-named B-19, electrically self-stimulated his reward circuitry some 1,500 times.
“During these sessions, B-19 stimulated himself to a point that he was experiencing an almost overwhelming euphoria and elation, and had to be disconnected, despite his vigorous protests.” [Moan, C.E., & Heath, R.G. Septal stimulation for the initiation of heterosexual activity in a homosexual male. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 3, 23-30, 1972.]
Staffan H Westerberg: Is a 53 year old journalist from Stockholm, Sweden, who used to live in the States in the 80s – lived in LA and have a lot of relatives in the Chicago area since the 1930s. He has been an investigative journalist since the mid-90s and did mostly crime investigations/reportage. Pete Engwall is another kind of creature. He is actually an inventor, from a long line of inventors. He is related to Jonas Engwall, one of John Erikssons apprentices, (J Engwall actually invented the propeller). Pete is also related to Wilhelm von Scheele, who discovered 7 basic elements, among them Oxygen.
Steven Robert Esh (he later changed him name to Steve Kangas) was born on 11th May, 1961. His parents were conservative Christians and he attended private religious academies in South Carolina.
After graduating from high school in 1979, Kangas joined the US Army. He was later transferred to military intelligence and spent a year in Monterey (Defense Language Institute) learning Russian. He also spent time at Goodfellow Air Force Base in Texas before being sent to do secret work in Central America.
In 1984 Kangas moved to Germany where he was involved in electronic eavesdropping on Soviet military units in Eastern Europe, analyzing the transcripts and reporting back to NATO. It was at this time he began to question his conservative political beliefs.
It is believed that Kangas was working on a book about CIA covert activities when on 8th February, 1999, he was found dead in the bathroom of the offices of Richard Mellon Scaife, the owner of the Pittsburgh Tribune (and a person Kangas believed to be a CIA front). He had been shot in the head. Officially he had committed suicide but some people believe he was murdered.
By MIKAEL THALEN | INFOWARS.COM | SEPTEMBER 26, 2014
“New documents released by the CIA show how the agency worked with some of the country’s largest newspapers to destroy San Jose Mercury News’ Gary Webb, a journalist who famously exposed the CIA’s connection to the cocaine trade in the “Dark Alliance” investigation.
Tactics used to destroy Webb, who was found dead in his apartment in 2004 with two .38-caliber bullets in the head, included a massive smear campaign by journalists working with newspapers such as the L.A. Times. A report by The Intercept’s Ryan Devereaux reveals the paper used as many as 17 journalists to discredit Webb and his exposé…..”
The junior DRDE scientist who was allegedly attacked by two senior scientists.
GWALIOR: Two scientists of the Defence Research and Development Establishment, or the DRDE, in Gwalior have been accused of trying to use one of their juniors as a human sacrifice. According to the report, one of the two senior scientists called his junior to his house and then tried to attack him with a sharp weapon, but the man managed to escape.
DRDE director has ordered an official probe into the matter.
David Ferrie’s Civil Air Patrol experience was what made him important to Jim Garrison’s investigation of President John F. Kennedy’s assassination. Lee Harvey Oswald joined Ferrie’s squadron at Moisant Airport in 1955. (Eastern Airlines archive)
On July 21, 1964, Dr. Mary Stults Sherman was brutally murdered in her apartment building on 3101 St. Charles Avenue, in New Orleans. She was a prominent orthopedic surgeon and expert in cancer research. The assassination remains unsolved, although there are some investigators who think they came close to a solution. And the assassination of John F. Kennedy has, according to them, everything to do with this tragedy.
I host an alternative talk radio show and news zine called The Rundown Live out of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The show is syndicated on Denver 90.7 FM Truth Frequency Radio. Our information is powered by citizen journalists and has been covered by MSNBC, RAWstory, Drudge Report, Infowars and many more. Our information has reached as many as 1.4 million people in a week. Just less than 30% of our visitors return and that percentage grow every day. We are 100% listener supported and are unaffiliated with any political party.
We are going on our 3rd year of programming and looking to monetize/syndicate the program. Our show is best described as Morning talk radio show at night like “Wayne’s World” with a twist of “Coast to Coast” madness.
Small quotes are permitted by reviewers with all credits to this article
Barker, as lover’s would, was aware that Oswald had penetrated the “heart of the groups in New Orleans who were serious about killing Kennedy…(as well as) an elite circle of even more powerful men, mostly from Texas, composed of politicians, whose fanatical patriotism was mixed with monetary ambitions and a lust for power.” (p. 419)
Oswald was deliberately enmeshed in two operative teams: one to shoot Kennedy, and one to “abort” the event. The complexity of such an operation boggles the imagination (p. 519).
CALLED FOR A PERSONAL STUDY
“Lee,” I said, “I know you’re used to leading three lives, or thirty, but I’d rather tell the truth.” “Ah,” he said, “You’re still not use to it, like I am…false trails, false records, fake names.” (Judyth Baker and Lee Oswald, July 19, 1963, as they spoke about events [page 402].)
Only after a serious study of the book with its plush, intimate facts and comments–in their entirety–taken in detail and systematically–will readers come to appreciate and understand the complex threads of conspiracy.
Barker could possibly–the same as Oswald–have been selected for the destiny they entered at an early age, and perhaps it was more than coincidence that they met in New Orleans (“I was useful because I was almost untraceable, since I wasn’t a doctor yet…,” p. 182).
David Ferrie had spoken of such projects that involved human control:
“…he had more to tell us about mind control and the experiments on people, frequently without their knowledge,” said Baker. “Yes, American citizens were being used as guinea pigs by their own government.”
“These things never die,” said David Ferrie. “It’s an iron-clad law that it takes more energy to stop a government program than to start one. This is self-perpetuating.” (p. 217)
The prospect that the inner-workings of men and society have become victim to hidden and minute control from sinister forces should have frightened us all.
JUDYTH ANSWERED CRITICS
Judyth Baker discovered numerous scandalous and false accusations against her on the Internet and in the media; she has attempted to answer and correct as much of the criticisms and attacks as she could over the years. The extensive coverage of those rebuttals was beyond the scope of this article, but some websites (out of a multitude) were available:
Jeffrey Holmes, 2010: “Far be it for someone to actually read the book before writing a review. Do the research, as I have, and you will begin to see the whole picture here.
“I am a New Orleans researcher and own a tour company, after doing extensive legwork for a number of years it becomes quite clear as to what was happening in New Orleans in the early 60’s.
“When it comes to facts, Me & Lee and Dr. Mary’s Monkey are both historical documents that help fill out the truth behind the assassination of JFK. Do yourself a favor and be a true investigative journalist, although you may not like what you find.”
Judyth Vary Baker said: “I was told to keep my mouth shut if I wanted to stay alive, and I did so for decades; but I finally realized that if I did not speak out during my lifetime, I would have no way of defending the book. I had decided to go to the grave, originally, with what I knew, and to simply let my son publish the book posthumously. Then I would not have to battle the forces that could (and did) ruin my life.
“However, two factors came into play to change my mind about going to the grave before this vital information about Oswald was released to the public: 1) my son was unaware of the milieu in New Orleans, and in the nation, in 1963, and, worse, knew almost nothing about the lies and falsehoods circulating about Oswald. He would be unable to defend the book. 2) I realized that he would not understand the value of the materials I had saved from the past, and how they helped me achieve the feat of remembering the conversations. A streetcar ticket dated April 28, for example, would have little meaning for my son, whereas for me, it evoked a host of sharp, strong memories, including key conversations.”
Trine Day publisher, Kris Millegan, said: “The saddest thing is that we have no Fourth Estate today, simply propaganda founts trumpeting books such as Case Closed and most recently Vincent Bugliosi’s Reclaiming History that uphold the highly discredited official story… (his book completely ignores) astounding verifiable historical revelations…the forces and men who killed President Kennedy are still getting away with it.”
A sampling-catalog of a few synchronistic highlights from Judyth Baker’s memoir typified the extent and mystery of the Kennedy fiasco:
# There were actually “six” tramps arrested in Dallas on November 22, 1963. One of the tramps was a suspected Chauncey Holt, a mafia asset. He was one of three arrested but then released without charges. Holt was photographed in front of the Trade Mart on August 16, 1963 with Lee Oswald. Holt was a disguise artist who made Oswald’s fake IDs. He worked on CIA projects such as Operation Mongoose (p. 462).
# George de Mohrenschildt, geologist, and handler of Oswald, had dated Jackie Kennedy’s mother. “Jackie Bouvier Kennedy called him ‘Uncle George’ when she was young; George also knew Ruth Paine’s father.” (p. 393)
# “The Texas Theater was owned by (billionaire) Howard Hughes, who had strong ties with the CIA.” (Judyth Baker) Connected with Oswald’s arrest, a witness reported seeing an “Oswald double” leave through the back door of the theater and entering a police car on November 22, 1963. (p. 537)
# Oswald attended and talked at a Russian seminar on July 27, 1963. Jesuit “spies” concerned about the Sadinistan insurrection Latin America infiltrated the seminar. Bobby Kennedy also sent an inquiring Jesuit priest. The CIA and Mafia asked Oswald to discourage the insurrection. Oswald said the spies worked for Aristotle Socrates Onassis, a Greek shipping magnate who later became the husband of Jackie Kennedy, John Kennedy’s widow (pp. 416, 421).
# Over the years a number of researchers had suggested that David Atlee Phillips (CIA psyops expert in Operation Sherwood and PBSUCCESS), alias Maurice Bishop, was involved in planning the JFK assassination. CIA agent E. Howard Hunt named Phillips as a participant in the assassination (p. 521).
# “Wild Bill” Donovan, a leading American Cancer Society official was also the Founding Father of the CIA. Donovan was also a friend of Alton Oschner (p. 459).
# Oswald’s uncle, Charles (Dutz) Murret, died in 1964, a bad year for witness-deaths.
# Oswald showed Judyth a pistol that was ‘not’ a semi-automatic pistol. Authorities claimed that that a semi-automatic weapon shot Officer J.D. Tippet.
# Robert Gene Baker, a powerful Washington insider, Billie Sol Estes, a powerful Texas businessperson, and Vice-President Lyndon Johnson, were instrumental in the Assassination. Hit man Malcom Wallace was involved in eight murders connected to Lyndon Johnson. Wallace’s fingerprint “was found on a box of books stacked in the so-called ‘sniper’s nest’ in the Texas School Book Depository…” “…later in life, after LBJ’s death, Estes admitted to secretly funneling millions of dollars to LBJ, and that it was LBJ who ordered the murder of President John F. Kennedy…” (pp. 522-523)
BLOOD-THIRSTY GAME
“The pursuit of power is a blood-thirsty game that knows few rules,” said fellow assassination researcher Edward Haslam, “It kills to silence. It punishes those who get in the way. It threatens those who might speak up. Lee was a casualty of this ugly game. His death preserved their secrets.” (Forward, Me & Lee, November 2009)
“…if Oswald was not the shooter, then it is questionable if the plotting in the New Orleans actually resulted in the assassination,” summarized investigative journalist Jim Marrs. “The New Orleans plot was real enough, but the true assassins remain masked behind the smoke from the Grassy Knoll…events in New Orleans in the summer of 1963 reveal the murderous interconnections of the major players in the assassination.” (p. 566)
A WILDERNESS OF CHICANERY
“Contrary to published accounts, Lee Harvey Oswald was a patriot who loved his country,” said publisher Kris Millegan in the dedication to Me & Lee. “He submersed himself in an officially-sanctioned covert arena where one’s inventive ‘legend’ becomes entry into a netherworld of intrigue, compartmentalization, secret operations and contrived situations…whichever guise is called up by a taskmaster giving the high sign through the shadows of plausible deniability: A wilderness of chicanery, deceit and double/triple crosses.”
Footnotes on JFK, Lincoln, J.P Morgan and personal synchronistic events: an extraordinary component
THE HARDCORE DEFINITION
The late psychoanalyst Carl Jung examined the magic and elegant world of what he called “synchronistic events” and “meaningful coincidence”: “temporally coincident occurrences of acausal events,” “connecting (togetherness) principle,” and “acausal parallelism.” Jung introduced the concept as early as the 1920s, but gave a full statement of it only in 1951 in an Eranos lecture, and in 1952, published a paper, Synchronizität als ein Prinzip akausaler Zusammenhänge (Synchronicity – An Acausal Connecting Principle), in a volume with a related study by the physicist (and Nobel laureate) Wolfgang Pauli.
THE UNDERLYING PRINCIPLE
It was a principle that Jung felt gave conclusive evidence for his concepts of archetypes (universal symbolic representations and imagery) and the collective unconscious(a consciousness shared by all mankind, similar to the akashic records [in Indian religion, a supposedall-pervading field in the ether in which a record of pastevents is imprinted]). It was descriptive of a governing dynamic that underlies the whole of human experience and history–social, emotional, psychological, and spiritual. These are concurrent events that first appear to be coincidental but later turn out to be causally related (seem to take on real and intimate, personal meaning) and are termed incoincident.
Jung believed that many experiences perceived as coincidence were not merely due to chance but, instead, suggested the manifestation of parallel (real) events or deliberate circumstances reflecting this “governing dynamic” (the akashic all-pervading consciousness).
One of Jung’s favorite quotes on synchronicity was from Through the Looking-Glass by Lewis Carroll, in which the White Queen says to Alice:
“It’s a poor sort of memory that only works backwards.”
“A simple example of synchronicity is when you suddenly think about someone you haven’t seen for a few years and just after you have the thought, that person calls you. At the other end of the scale are visions or dreams where the person sees an event that either occurred but which they did not witness, or one that occurs after they ‘see’ it.”
Coincidental events, which are later found to be causally related (but concrete events), were termed “Incoincident” because “a grouping of events connected by meaning need not have an explanation in terms of a concrete sense of cause and effect.”
It maintained that just as events may be connected by a causal line, they may also be connected by meaning. “Therefore it cannot be a question of cause and effect, but of a falling together in time, a kind of simultaneity,” said Jung.
Jung believed that many experiences that are coincidences due to “chance” in terms of causality, but suggested the manifestation of parallel events or circumstances (seeming unrelated happenings that suddenly mean something and have a personal connection somehow) in terms of meaning, reflecting this governing dynamic.
The JFK assassination was rife with such coincidence:
The John Kennedy and Abraham Lincoln assassinations, for instance; below was a short sampling, out of many Lincoln/Kennedy coincidences:
Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846. John F. Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946.
Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860. John F. Kennedy was elected President in 1960.
The names Lincoln and Kennedy each contained seven letters.
Both were particularly concerned with civil rights.
Both opposed the International Bankers: Kennedy gave Executive Order 11110 on June 4, 1963, which would have wiped out the Federal Reserve. Lincoln fought Rothschild’s attempts to finance the Civil War; warned people about the National Banking Act (later, through the efforts of Secretary of War Edwin Stanton and Thomas W. House [agent for the Rothschild’s], Lincoln’s efforts were nullified).
Both of their wives lost their children while living in the White House.
Both Presidents were shot on a Friday.
Lincoln was shot in the Ford Theater. Kennedy was shot in a car made by the Ford Motor Company (a Lincoln, no less)
Both successors were named Johnson.
Andrew Johnson, who succeeded Lincoln, was born in 1808. Lyndon Johnson, who succeeded Kennedy, was born in 1908.
Their first names both contained six letters.
A week before Lincoln was shot, he was with friends in Monroe, Maryland. A week before Kennedy was shot, he was with his friend Marilyn Monroe.
Lincoln’s last child, Tad, had his funeral held on July 16, 1871. Later he was exhumed and moved to a different gravesite. Kennedy’s son JFK Jr. was lost at sea on July 16, 1999. Later he was found, brought up, and then re-buried at sea.
Apparently, Lincoln had a dream several days before the assassination that he had been killed. He told his wife that he had seen himself in a casket.
In addition, Lincoln’s son Tad had a pet turkey named Jack. Tad asked his father not to kill the turkey for Thanksgiving. Although Harry S Truman started the official tradition, Lincoln was the first to “pardon” a Thanksgiving turkey.
RMS TITANIC
Jung’s “meaningful coincidences” led into broader connections, as can be seen below:
There were “four” fiction books written on the sinking of liners similar to the ill-fated and famous RMS Titanic. All of the books were written before hand:
The SinkingofaModernLiner by W.T. Stead in 1886 (Stead died on the “actual” Titanic in 1912).
Futility: TheWreckoftheTitan by Morgan Robertson in 1898.
TheShipsRun by M. McDonnell Bodkin in 1908 (named The Titanic).
TheWhiteGhostofDisaster (called the Admiral) which described the sinking of the Titanic-like Admiral; the book was being distributed ‘before’ the real Titanic was set out to sail in 1912.
All of these fiction stories displayed actual resemblances to the real Titanic.
J.P MORGAN OWNED THE TITANIC
The coincidences went even further.
Three elite and wealthy businesspersons that opposed the Federal Reserve Bank, Benjamin Guggenheim (mining and machinery), Isa Strauss (co-owner of Macy Stores), and Colonel Jacob Astor (owner of the Waldorf Astoria) were all deceased on the Titanic voyage in 1912.
Mogul J.P. Morgan owned the Titanic and the Silver Star Ship Lines.
Morgan was very much in favor of the Federal Reserve Bank.
On April 14, 1912, the Titanic struck an iceberg and all opposition to the Federal Reserve was eliminated. Lincoln was also dedicatedly opposed to the International Bankers. His opposition to the scheming financiers also ended on April 14 (the same day of the week in history as the Titanic sinking and the assassination of Abraham Lincoln).
(In December of 1913, the Federal Reserve System came into being in the United States. Eight months later, the First World War began. John Kennedy’s murder ended his opposition to the Federal Reserve; following his death, escalation of the Vietnam War began.)
Jacob Astor, a Titanic victim, funded and befriended electronics genius Nikola Tesla, but when Morgan discovered that Tesla was going to give his inventions to the public, outside of Morgan’s monopolies, Morgan began to blackball Tesla and ruin Tesla’s career (Tesla’s history, in itself, contained some extraordinary events; of which is beyond the scope this article).
(“The Captain of the Titanic was Edward Smith. He was a Jesuit and worked for J.P. Morgan. Anyone could be a Jesuit and their identity not be known. Smith “was a ‘Jesuit Tempore co-adjustor…a priest of the short robe…J.P Morgan was also a priest and put Smith in charge of captaining the Titanic…” [From NationalGeographic ‘The Secrets of the Titanic,’ {1986}]:
“When the ship departed southern England, on board was Francis Browne. He was the most powerful Jesuit in all of Ireland and the ‘Jesuit Master of Edward Smith.” Here is Jesuit treachery at its finest. The provincial Father Francis Browne boards the Titanic, photographs the victims, most assuredly briefs the Captain concerning his oath as a Jesuit, and the following morning bids him farewell…’ [Eric J. Phelps, VaticanAssassins Halcon Unified Services, p. 247].
“Captain Smith believed this high-ranking ‘Jesuit General’ was God. Browne instructed him on what to do in the North Atlantic waters. ‘Edward Smith was given orders to sink the Titanic and that’s exactly what he did.’ According to Jesuit secret philosophy, the innocent can be massacred for the greater good; the end justifies the means.”)
The above examples portrayed the intricate and on-going phenomena called “meaningful coincidence” that seemed limitless and unending; a few more examples brought the topic closer to home: real-life coincidences of Steve Erdmann in the JFK scenario:
# Judyth Baker, at the age of eight, had a pet lapdog named “Sparky.” At the approximate age of nine, I also adopted a mongrel pet dog that I named “Sparky.” Mobster Jack Ruby, Jacob Rubenstein, was also nicknamed “Sparky.”
# Judyth was 15 months older than Steve Erdmann. On November 22, 1963, she was 20 years, 7 months years-of-age. I was 19 years, 4 months.
# My dog “Sparky” lived until about late 1963, near the time of Kennedy’s death. About that time, “unseen” teenage “thugs” attacked and disabled Sparky and he had to be put to death. These ‘criminals’ (I had suspects…SE) apparently were very “jealous” of my dating a girl who later became my first wife, and when confronted by a property-protective Sparky, decided to “kick and beat” my dog.
# “Sparky” Rubenstein had a history of violence and having been involved in dramatic confrontations (not to mention the shooting of Lee Oswald). “…in his youth, his old buddies from Chicago called him ‘Sparky’ because of his short temper.” (p. 553.)
# My first-purchased home was on Louisiana Avenue in St. Louis in the early 1970s. David Ferrie’s apartment was on Louisiana Parkway in New Orleans in 1963. There was also a Louisiana bus line in New Orleans (p. 426), as well as a Louisiana Avenue (p. 207).
# My father, Steve Erdmann, Sr., passed away 10 months after my birthdate, two months short of a twelve-month period. Lee Oswald’s father died “two months” before Oswald’s birthdate.
# Grandfather Steve Erdmann died on April 29, my father died on April 21: Judyth met Lee Oswald on April 26.
# When Steve Erdmann was about six-years-of-age, Steve Erdmann’s mother, Clara Erdmann, placed Steve into a Manchester, Missouri Lutheran orphanage (next to the St. Paul Lutheran church). It was a temporary provision; she wanted to relocate and “get back on her feet” (“…Lee explained that his father had died a few months before he was born… [His] mother struggled with financial problems so severe…,” p. 135). Steve stayed at the orphanage for about a three-year period. Lee Oswald was placed in the Lutheran Bethlehem orphanage in New Orleans at the age of three.
# Judyth Baker was working at Pencham Laboratory on November 22, 1963, where one man expressed the “hope that somebody in Dallas would shoot him (Kennedy).” When the Last Rites were given to the President, cheers went up from the laboratory workers; Judyth’s employer exclaimed “Good!” He later berated Judyth for being a “Goddamned Communist!” (pp. 526-527) Steve Erdmann was working at a customer-counter in St. Louis where employees discussed the murder as it came out. One of the customers exclaimed: “It’s about time somebody shot that son-of-a-bitch!”
# Lee Oswald and Steve Erdmann both shared a somewhat tumultuous early life and marriage consisting of abuse, instability, and some deceit: “I am used to harpies in my life,” Lee commented, “my mother and my wife are both experts in the department.” (p. 152)
Life seemed to be a sea of mystery and quantum connection that forever lingered beyond our finite grasp. Manuscript space prohibited further inquiries into the strange world of coincidence, personal lives and world events. That waited upon the readers’ next step into that private void.
“Caution” was named as the Commodore of your sailing.